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BB10005 COPY > Plant structure and growth > Flashcards

Plant structure and growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform and specialised function.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

Something that consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

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3
Q

What are the three basic plant organs?

A

Roots, stems and leaves.

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4
Q

What nutrients do plants absorb below ground?

A

Water and minerals.

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5
Q

What nutrients do plants absorb above ground?

A

CO2 and light.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the root?

A

Anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water and storing carbohydrates.

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7
Q

What is the primary root?

A

The first root to emerge from a germinating seed.

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8
Q

What is a taproot?

A

A main vertical root.

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9
Q

What are lateral roots?

A

They arise from the taproot.

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10
Q

What kind of plants have a taproot system?

A

Most eudicots and gymnosperms.

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11
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A

It consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots.

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12
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

They arise from stems or leaves.

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13
Q

What types of plants have a fibrous root system?

A

Monocots.

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14
Q

Where does absorption of water and minerals occur in most plants?

A

At or near the root hairs as they increase the surface area.

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15
Q

What adaptations do prop roots have?

A

Aerial, adventitious roots of corn.

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16
Q

What adaptations do buttress roots have?

A

Aerial roots to support the tree.

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17
Q

What happens in strangling aerial roots?

A

Seeds of the strangler fig germinate in the branches of tall trees, send aerial roots to the soil. Eventually the host tree dies through shading by fig leaves.

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18
Q

What are some storage roots?

A

Sugar beet storage roots store water and sugar.

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19
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Mangroves produce these negatively geotropic roots to obtain oxygen which is lacking in thick estuarine mud.

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20
Q

What is a stem?

A

An organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes - the points at which leaves are attached and internodes, the stem segments between nodes.

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21
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch.

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22
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

It is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

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23
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow just below the soil surface.

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24
Q

What is a stolon?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow along the soil surface and allow asexual reproduction of platelets at nodules along the stolon.

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25
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for storing food. THe eyes on potatoes are axillary buds.

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26
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Vertical underground shoots that store food.

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27
Q

What are leaves?

A

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants. They consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

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28
Q

How do monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins?

A

Most monocots have parallel veins whereas eudicots have branching veins.

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29
Q

What are three different shapes of leaves?

A

The simple leaf, compound leaf and doubly compound leaf.

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30
Q

What is the structure of the compound leaf?

A

There is a leaflet on the end of the leaf, with an axillary bud and petiole.

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31
Q

What is the structure of a doubly compound leaf?

A

Multiple leaflets.

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32
Q

What are the functions of the tendrils?

A

They are modified leaves that plants use to cling to objects. Once attached the tendril coils pulling the plant closer to the support.

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33
Q

What is the function of spines?

A

They are modified leaves. In the cactus, photosynthesis is carried out in the fleshy green stem.

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34
Q

What do storage leaves do?

A

Store water.

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35
Q

What do reproductive leaves do?

A

THey have adventitious plantlets that fall off and take root in the soil.

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36
Q

What are bracts?

A

Bracts are modified leaves surrounding flowers. Some are brightly coloured and attract pollinators.

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37
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

A protective layer.

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38
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

A continuous transport system arranged differently in each organ.

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39
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

Where most metabolic functions take place.

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40
Q

What is the dermal system called in a single tissue in nonwoody plants?

A

The epidermis.

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy coating?

A

The cuticle (waxy coating) prevents water loss from the epidermis.

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42
Q

What is protective tissue in woody plants called?

A

Periderm that replaces the epidermis in olrder regions of stems and roots.

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43
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can help with insect defense.

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the vascular tissue system?

A

It carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

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45
Q

What are the two vascular tissues?

A

Xylem and phloem.

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46
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

It conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.

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47
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

It transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed.

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48
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

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49
Q

What is the stele in angiosperms?

A

The solid central vascular cylinder.

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50
Q

How is the stele of stems and leaves arranged?

A

It is divided into vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem.

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51
Q

What is the ground tissue system?

A

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.

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52
Q

What is pith?

A

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue.

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53
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.

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54
Q

What does the ground tissue include?

A

Cells specialised for storage, photosynthesis and support.

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55
Q

What are common types of plant cells?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem.

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56
Q

What is an organ?

A

Something that consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

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57
Q

What are the three basic plant organs?

A

Roots, stems and leaves.

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58
Q

What nutrients do plants absorb below ground?

A

Water and minerals.

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59
Q

What nutrients do plants absorb above ground?

A

CO2 and light.

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60
Q

What are the functions of the root?

A

Anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water and storing carbohydrates.

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61
Q

What is the primary root?

A

The first root to emerge from a germinating seed.

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62
Q

What is a taproot?

A

A main vertical root.

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63
Q

What are lateral roots?

A

They arise from the taproot.

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64
Q

What kind of plants have a taproot system?

A

Most eudicots and gymnosperms.

65
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A

It consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots.

66
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

They arise from stems or leaves.

67
Q

What types of plants have a fibrous root system?

A

Monocots.

68
Q

Where does absorption of water and minerals occur in most plants?

A

At or near the root hairs as they increase the surface area.

69
Q

What adaptations do prop roots have?

A

Aerial, adventitious roots of corn.

70
Q

What adaptations do buttress roots have?

A

Aerial roots to support the tree.

71
Q

What happens in strangling aerial roots?

A

Seeds of the strangler fig germinate in the branches of tall trees, send aerial roots to the soil. Eventually the host tree dies through shading by fig leaves.

72
Q

What are some storage roots?

A

Sugar beet storage roots store water and sugar.

73
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Mangroves produce these negatively geotropic roots to obtain oxygen which is lacking in thick estuarine mud.

74
Q

What is a stem?

A

An organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes - the points at which leaves are attached and internodes, the stem segments between nodes.

75
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch.

76
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

It is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

77
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow just below the soil surface.

78
Q

What is a stolon?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow along the soil surface and allow asexual reproduction of platelets at nodules along the stolon.

79
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for storing food. THe eyes on potatoes are axillary buds.

80
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Vertical underground shoots that store food.

81
Q

What are leaves?

A

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants. They consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

82
Q

How do monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins?

A

Most monocots have parallel veins whereas eudicots have branching veins.

83
Q

What are three different shapes of leaves?

A

The simple leaf, compound leaf and doubly compound leaf.

84
Q

What is the structure of the compound leaf?

A

There is a leaflet on the end of the leaf, with an axillary bud and petiole.

85
Q

What is the structure of a doubly compound leaf?

A

Multiple leaflets.

86
Q

What are the functions of the tendrils?

A

They are modified leaves that plants use to cling to objects. Once attached the tendril coils pulling the plant closer to the support.

87
Q

What is the function of spines?

A

They are modified leaves. In the cactus, photosynthesis is carried out in the fleshy green stem.

88
Q

What do storage leaves do?

A

Store water.

89
Q

What do reproductive leaves do?

A

THey have adventitious plantlets that fall off and take root in the soil.

90
Q

What are bracts?

A

Bracts are modified leaves surrounding flowers. Some are brightly coloured and attract pollinators.

91
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

A protective layer.

92
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

A continuous transport system arranged differently in each organ.

93
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

Where most metabolic functions take place.

94
Q

What is the dermal system called in a single tissue in nonwoody plants?

A

The epidermis.

95
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy coating?

A

The cuticle (waxy coating) prevents water loss from the epidermis.

96
Q

What is protective tissue in woody plants called?

A

Periderm that replaces the epidermis in olrder regions of stems and roots.

97
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can help with insect defense.

98
Q

What is the purpose of the vascular tissue system?

A

It carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

99
Q

What are the two vascular tissues?

A

Xylem and phloem.

100
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

It conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.

101
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

It transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed.

102
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

103
Q

What is the stele in angiosperms?

A

The solid central vascular cylinder.

104
Q

How is the stele of stems and leaves arranged?

A

It is divided into vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem.

105
Q

What is the ground tissue system?

A

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.

106
Q

What is pith?

A

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue.

107
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.

108
Q

What does the ground tissue include?

A

Cells specialised for storage, photosynthesis and support.

109
Q

What are common types of plant cells?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem.

110
Q

What are the properties of mature parenchyma cells?

A

They have thin and flexible primary walls but lack secondary walls. They have a large central vacuole.

111
Q

What is the function of parenchyma?

A

They perform the most metabolic functions and are the least specialised. They can differentiate into other types of cells, such as during wound repair.

112
Q

What do parenchyma contain in leaves?

A

Chloroplasts.

113
Q

What do parenchyma contain in stems and roots?

A

Colourless plastids that store starch (amyloplasts)

114
Q

What are collenchyma cells?

A

They support young parts of the plant shoot, without restraining growth.

115
Q

What is the structure of collenchyma cells?

A

They are grouped into strands and have thicker and uneven cell walls. They lack secondary walls. THey are elongated living flexible cells that are grouped into bundles or layers.

116
Q

What is the structure of sclerenchyma cells?

A

They are rigid due to thick secondary walls that are strengthened with lignin and are dead at functional maturity.

117
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A

Sclereids and fibers.

118
Q

What is the structure of sclereids?

A

They are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. They impart hardness to seed coats and nut shells, and texture to pear fruits.

119
Q

What is the structure of fibers?

A

They are long and slender and are arranged in threads (hemp fibers for string and rope, flax fibers for weaving linen).

120
Q

What happens to xylem cells as they mature?

A

They die - the cellular contents disintegrates to leave the lignin-hardened cell wall.

121
Q

What are the two types of water-conducting cells?

A

Tracheids and vessel elements.

122
Q

Where are tracheids found?

A

The xylem of almost all vascular plants.

123
Q

What plants contain vessel elements?

A

Most angiosperms and some gymnosperms.

124
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

A group of plants that contains flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel.

125
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

A group of plants that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit.

126
Q

What is the structure of vessel elements?

A

They are wider, shorter, thinner walled and less tapered than tracheids. The movement of water through them is through perforated end walls.

127
Q

What is the structure of tracheids?

A

They are long and thin with tapered ends, and the movement of water between them is through pits.

128
Q

What are the sugar conducting cells of the phloem?

A

Sieve-tube elements.

129
Q

Are sieve-tube elements alive at functional maturity?

A

Yes, but they lack a nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole and cytoskeleton.

130
Q

What is the purpose in reduction of cell contents of the sieve tube elements?

A

It allows them to conduct nutrients.

131
Q

What are sieve plates?

A

Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube.

132
Q

What is the function of companion cells?

A

The nucleus and ribosomes serve both themselves and the sieve-tube element. In some plants they load sucrose into the sieve-tube element.

133
Q

What is the function of meristems?

A

They generate cells for primary and secondary growth.

134
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

The idea that a plant can grow throughout its life.

135
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

The idea that some plant organs such as leaves and flowers cease to grow at a certain size.

136
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A

Apical meristems and lateral meristems.

137
Q

What are the features of apical meristems?

A

They are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots. They elongate shotos and roots in a process called primary growth. In non-woody plants primary growth produces most of the plant body.

138
Q

What are the features of lateral meristems?

A

In woody plants they add thickness to roots and shoots in a process called secondary growth.

139
Q

What are the two types of lateral meristems?

A

The vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

140
Q

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

A

It adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

141
Q

What is the function of cork cambium?

A

It reaplces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher.

142
Q

How does primary growth of roots occur?

A

The root tip is covered by a root cap which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil.

143
Q

What are the zones of cells in which growth occurs?

A

The zone of cell division, zone of elongation and zone of differentiation/maturation.

144
Q

How do eudicots and monocots differ in xylem and phloem arrangement?

A

In eudicots root there is xylem and phloem in the centre, whereas in monocots the root has parenchyma in the centre as well.

145
Q

How do lateral roots arise?

A

From within the pericycle, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

146
Q

How does primary growth of roots occur?

A

The root tip is covered by a root cap which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil.

147
Q

What are the zones of cells in which growth occurs?

A

The zone of cell division, zone of elongation and zone of differentiation/maturation.

148
Q

How do eudicots and monocots differ in xylem and phloem arrangement?

A

In eudicots root there is xylem and phloem in the centre, whereas in monocots the root has parenchyma in the centre as well.

149
Q

How do lateral roots arise?

A

From within the pericycle, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.

150
Q

Where do leaves develop in a plant?

A

From leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem.

151
Q

Where do axillary buds develop from?

A

Meristematic cells left at the bases of lead primordia.

152
Q

What do axillary buds give rise to?

A

Lateral shoots.

153
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in eudicot stems?

A

A ring formation.

154
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?

A

Scattered throughout the ground tissue rather than forming a ring.

155
Q

What is a stomata?

A

A pore that is flanked by two guard cells to be opened and closed. It allows CO2 and O2 to be exchanged between the air and photosynthetic cells.

156
Q

What is the ground tissue in a leaf called?

A

Mesophyll.

157
Q

What are the two layers of mesophyll in a leaf called?

A

Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll, which allows for gas exchange.

158
Q

What do vascular bundles do in the leaf?

A

They support the shape.

159
Q

What are vascular bundles enclosed by?

A

A protective bundle sheath.

BB10005 COPY (23 decks)

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