Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 10 > Diagnostic Imaging of Heart > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging of Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what info does radiography provide about heart (4)

A
  1. overall size
  2. shape (chamber enlargement)
  3. location
  4. evidence of congestive failure (pulmonary edema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does radiography of the heart not show (3)

A
  1. internal structures of the heart (valve, leaflets, ventricular septum)
  2. myocardial function
  3. valve incompetence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what info does ultrasound of the heart provide

A
  1. chamber size
  2. myocardial function
  3. blood flow and leakage through valves
  4. disease of internal cardiac structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ultrasound not provide

A

less useful for evidence of congestive failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does full assessment of the heart require

A

both radiography and echocardiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

identify the structures of the thorax

A

heart

red: aorta (dorsal caudal)
white: trachea (ending over the heart base where it divides, gas filled)
yellow: bronchi (large)
blue: pulmonary vessels (large)
orange: caudal vena cava

can’t really see mediastinum or esophagus (unless dilated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the strucutres of

A

heart

red: aorta (superimposed from spine)
white: trachea (swings slightly to right of midline in cranial thorax but most is underneath spine)
yellow: bronchi (large)
blue: pulmonary vessels (large)
orange: caudal vena cava (going across from diaphragm to the heart on right side of midline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is roentgen signs of the heart radiograph

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. opacity
  4. margins
  5. location
  6. number
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what radiograph views are the heart best asses on

A

right lateral recumbency

dorsoventral radiographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the number of intercostal spaces the heart size is in the dog and cat

A

dog: 3-3.5
cat: 2-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the height of the thorax in the dog and cat

A

~2/3 in both dog and cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the width of the thorax in the dog and cat

A

dog: 1/2-2/3
cat: 1/2-2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the position of the heart in the dog and cat (3)

A
  1. middle mediastinum
  2. 4-6th intercostal space
  3. degree of sternal contact partially depends on breed

(shadow not picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is this dog or cat thorax

A

dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is this the dog or cat

A

cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is this radiograph showing (height of thorax, intercostal spaces)

A

yellow: >2/3 height of thorax (with elavation of trachea –> trachea is running parallel to thoracic vertebrae)
red: > 3.5 intercostal spaces covered

heart is too large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the clock position of the left atrium in RLR

A

12-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the clock position of the left ventricle in RLR

A

3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the clock position of the right ventricle in RLR

A

5-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the clock position of the right atrium in RLR

A

8-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the clock position of the great vessels in RLR

A

10-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

summarize the heart shape in RLR in the clock analogy

A

12-3: LA

3-5: LV

5-8: RV

8-10: RA

10-12: great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the heart shape in clock analogy

A

11-1: aortic arch

1-2: pulmonary artery

2-3: left auricular apeendage

3-5: left ventricule

5-9: right ventricle

9-11: right atrium

(5-7 on top of right ventricle = left atrium)

24
Q

how do you calculate the vertebral heart score

A

X + Y = VHS

base of heart to the apex of the heart and then the widest part –> count the number of verticle bodies each line covers and add them up

25
Q

what is the approx vertebral heart score in dogs and cats

A

dogs: ~8.7-10.7
cats: ~7.5-8.5

26
Q

what does vertebral heart score not take into account

A

breed variations

don’t use sole assessment of size

27
Q

what are the different echocardiograph modes

A
  1. B mode: shows slice of anatomy
  2. M-mode: functional measurements
  3. doppler: quantitative and qualitative assessment of blood flow
28
Q

what does M-mode of ultrasound show

A

movement or contraction of structures over time

allows measurement of myocardial contractility –> assessment of myocardial function

*shows how much ventricle wall is contracting and thinning during diastole and systole –> can calculate the % of the muscle is thickening and gives indication of myocardial function

29
Q

what is doppler imaging

A

reflection of sound from moving object = change in frequency

allows measurement of blood flow

30
Q

what are the colour of doppler imaging

A

BART

blue away and red towards

31
Q

whats the difference between pulse and continuous doppler imaging

A

pulse: very percise under 1m/sec
continuous: less percise but can measure faster velocities

32
Q

how is the heart scanned

A

lateral recumbency –> right and left

the lung will sink to lower thoracic wall (ultrasound doesn’t do well with gas)

scan from underneath (heart nearer dependent wall of thorax –> less interposed pulmonary tissue, hole in ultrasound table, scan right side of chest with patient in right lateral recumbency)

  • small transducer (must fit between ribs)
  • connect to ECG

avoid sedation if possible (affects myocardial contraction)

33
Q

what is the right parasternal approach

A

most widely used scanning –> place transducer on apex beat of heart on right thoracic wall

34
Q

what info does right parasternal approach provide

A
  1. chamber sizes
  2. myocardial function
  3. valve function
35
Q

what are the scan planes of right parasternal approach

A
  1. cross sections/short axis
  2. long sections/long axis
36
Q

what is the limitations of right parasternal approach

A

difficult to image all chambers together

37
Q

what are the short axis views of right parasternal approach

A
38
Q

what view is this

A

right parasternal short axis view of left ventricle

looks like mushroom

39
Q

what view is this

A

right parasternal short axis view

mitral valve –> fishmouth view

right ventricle on top

40
Q

what view is this

A

right parasternal short axis –> pulmonary artery with the pulmonary valve

tricky view to get –> interference with lungs

41
Q

what are right parasternal long axis views

A
42
Q

what view is this

A

right parasternal long axis view of left atrium and mitral valve

43
Q

what view is this

A

right parasternal long axis of aorta

44
Q

what is the left apical views and what is it useful for

A

pateint in left lateral recumbency

scan from dependent left thoracic wall

good “end on” views through: mitral and tricuspid valves (four chamber), aortic outflow (five chamber)

good for accurate measurements of blood flow velocities

45
Q

what view is this

A

can see tricuspid and mitral valves

46
Q

what are myocardial diseases

A
  1. dilated cardiomyopathy: reduced myocardial contractility, decreased cardiac output and dilation of chambers (common in large breed dogs)
  2. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: decreased capacity of ventricles, reduced cardiac output (common in cats)
47
Q

what are valvular diseases

A
  1. dysplasia (abnormal development)
  2. infection (endocarditis)
  3. leakage of valves and chamber dilation
48
Q

what are pericardial disease

A
  1. fluid in pericardial sac –> prevents proper filling of heart chamber (esp. right ventricle) and reduces cardiac output
49
Q

what is shown here

A

dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

large heart, DV would show much more than 2/3 of thorax

the heart should curve in towards the tracheal bifurcation

bulge in this area (12-3) –> left atria

50
Q

what is shown here

A

dilated cardiomyopathy - M mode

not much contraction

51
Q

what is shown here

A

dilated cardiomyopathy - B mode

should look like mushroom –> barely see the papillary muscles –> dilated

52
Q

what is shown here

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) –> valentine’s heart

trachea is still deviating heart doesn’t look tall –> maybe less ovoid shape

wall is thickening, narrowing inside of heart –> overall size of heart doesn’t increase but you get shape change better seen on DV

enlargement of atria

53
Q

what is shown here

A

left ventricle should be mushroom shape

ventricular walls are very thick –> narrowing of lumen –> reduced stroke volume –> heart failure

54
Q

what is shown here

A

mitral valve disease (endocardiosis)

cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement

significant bulging in region of left atria

common in CKS

55
Q

what is shown here

A

mitral valve disease

ventricle and atrium are same size

blood leaking from mitral valve back into ventricle

56
Q

what is shown here

A

pericardial effusion

sharply marginated (sharp edges)

static cardiac silhouette

no significant left atrial enlargement

globoid shape

tracheal elavation

57
Q

what is occuring here

A

pericardial effusion

sac of fluid

Module 10 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions