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Module 10 > Cardio & Resp Histology > Flashcards

Cardio & Resp Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tissue is mainly found in the media of muscular arteries

A

Sm muscle (also elastic fibers but less dominant)

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2
Q

what type of connective tissue fiber would you expect to find in the adventitia

A

collagen with elastic fibres

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3
Q

what does a, b, c represent

A

a = vasa vasorum

b = venule

c = nerve

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4
Q

what are the 3 main layers or tunics which form the wall of the medium sized muscular artery

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
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5
Q

what does c represent

A

lymphatics?

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of elastic arteries (5)

A
  1. size: large
  2. rounded appearance: yes
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: yes
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
  5. any valves: no
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7
Q

what are the characterisitcs of muscular arteries

A
  1. size: small, med, large
  2. rounded appearance: yes
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: yes
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: yes
  5. any valves: no
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8
Q

what are the characteristics of arterioles

A
  1. size: small
  2. rounded appearance: yes
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: yes
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: yes but only in larger arterioles
  5. any valves: no
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of the capillary

A
  1. size: very small
  2. rounded appearance: varies
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: 2-4 endothelial cells line the lumen
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
  5. any valves: no
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10
Q

what are the characterisitics of venules

A
  1. size: very small, larger lumen in comparison to accessory artery
  2. rounded appearance: no
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: no but some development of other tunics is apparent
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
  5. any valves: yes
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11
Q

what are the characteristics of small, medium and large veins

A
  1. size: larger lumen in comparison to accessory artery
  2. rounded appearance: no
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: no but some development of other tunics is apparent
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
  5. any valves: yes
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12
Q

what are the characteristics of the vena cava

A
  1. size: large
  2. rounded appearance: yes
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: yes but the adventitia is the thickest tunic
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
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13
Q

what are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. size: variable
  2. rounded appearance: no usually collapsed
  3. relatively thick wall compared to its luminal diameter: no mainly consists of endothelium and poorly developed media
  4. conspicuous internal elastic lamina: no
  5. any valves: yes more numerous than veins
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14
Q

what is the functional significant of these structural differences between medium sized vein and muscular arteries

A

arteries have much more smooth muscle in the tunica media –> high pressure, carry blood away from the heart

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15
Q

the multiple layers of elastic lamina are fenestrated, why?

A

to allow diffusion of nutrients from blood to nourish structures

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16
Q

what functional role do elastic lamina in large conducting arteries such as aorta

A

to allow aorta to stretch and undergo high variations

elastic recoil/dampening pulsatory flow

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17
Q

what other type of tissue is found in association with the elastic lamina in the media of elastic arteries

A

media contains smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

what is the vena cava is characterized by

A

large muscle bundles running longitudinally in the adventitia

the media is relatively narrow in comparison

coarse collagen fibers are circularly oreintated in the inner adventitia and form sheaths around the muscle bundles

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19
Q

label the structures of the elastic arteries

A
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20
Q

identify the structures muscular arteries

A
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21
Q

identify the structures of the arterioles

A
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22
Q

identify the structures of the venule

A
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23
Q

what are the structures of veins

A
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24
Q

identify the structures of the vein

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
25
Q

identify the three layers of the muscular veins

A
26
Q

identify the structures of purkinje fibres

A
27
Q

how are capillaries structurally adapted to suit their function which is to act as exchange vessels

A

thin walls

high SA:volume ratio

maybe fenestrated, leaky cellular junctions

28
Q

what is an arterio-venous anastomosis and give an example where you might expect to find this

A

pre-capillary arteriovenous anastomosis

the skin and small intestine

Skin- direct link between arterial and venous system without intervening capillary bed.

29
Q

what is another example of an unusal form of microcirculation

A
  1. arterial portal system (kidney glomerulus)
  2. venous portal system (hepatic portal system ex. liver)
30
Q

what are the two types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous capillary
  2. fenestrated capillary
31
Q

what is the functional difference between the two types of capillaries

A

continuous have variable permeability

Fenestrated increased exchange cf. continuous- the presence of pores increase the permeability of a capillary

32
Q

what is a sinusoid and give an example where you would expect to find this type of vessel

A

sinusoids have a discontinuous endothelium, no basal laminae

ex. liver and spleen

33
Q

what are the structures of the trachea

A

A: respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

B: seromucosal glands in lamina propria

C: hyaline cartilage

34
Q

what is the epithelium in the trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

35
Q

what are the types of glands in the trachea

A

goblet cells

36
Q

what type of cartilage comprises the tracheal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

37
Q

is there any smooth muscle present in the trachea and where would it be

A

yes

under the cartilage

38
Q

what does C represent

A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

what type of tissues are the arrows pointing to

A

smooth muscle in lamina propria

40
Q

smooth muscle is present in the entire bronchial tree including the respiratory bronchiole

how is it innervated and what function does it perform

A

mediates broncho constriction

vagus nerve (parasympathetic) causes the smooth muscle to contract and reduce the diameter of the bronchioles

41
Q

what type of connective tissue fibre is abundant in the lamina propria of the bronchial tree

A

elastic connective tissue

42
Q

what do MALT and BALT stand for

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

bronchus associated lymphoid tissue

43
Q

what type of cells predominates in this type of tissue (BALT, MALT)

A

lymphocytes:

T and B cells

plasma cells

macrophages

44
Q

give four reasons how you know that you are looking at a section of a bronchus and not a bronchiole

A
  1. cartilage present
  2. epithelium pseudostratified
  3. BALT
  4. goblet cells
45
Q

which blood vessel deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries

46
Q

which cell type gradually replaces the mucous cell in the bronchiolar epithelium to become the dominant cell type in the terminal bronchiole

A

clara cell

47
Q

what does A, B, C represent and what part of the distal resp system does A represent and give two reasons to justify your decision

A

A: bronchiole

B: alveolar ducts

C: alveolar ducts

terminal bronchiole (size, simple cuboidal epithelium, lamina propria smooth and elastic fibers)

48
Q

name the cell type that predominates the wall of lung

A

type 1 pneumocyte

49
Q

what is the principle cell type which forms the wall of the alveolus

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

50
Q

what type of cell gives rise to the surfactant

A

type 2 pneumocyte

51
Q

Illustrate how a medium sized vein differs structurally from its corresponding muscular artery?

what is the functional significance of these structural differences

A

Arteries= high pressure blood= thick muscular wall- regulate amount of blood being delivered to tissues; veins= capacitance vessels- blood at low BP- thick wall not required.

52
Q

illustrate the difference in shape and wall thickness between these 2 types of blood vessel.

A

Venule and arteriole

53
Q

Draw a labelled sketch of the aorta at low magnification to illustrate the relative extent of the tunica intima, media and adventitia. Are these limits easy to see in your H&E section?

A

Difficult to see limits of intima, media and adventitia with H&E- internal and external elastic lamina of the media difficult to distinguish from other laminae associated with the media.

54
Q

By means of another labelled diagram, illustrate the main components of the blood-gas barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged.

A
55
Q

what is this representing

A
56
Q

where would any smooth muscle be located in the trachea

A

below C shaped edges of cartilage if sheep

above is feline

57
Q
A
58
Q

Smooth muscle is present in the entire bronchial tree including the respiratory bronchiole. How is it innervated and what function does it perform?

A

Innervation- vagus and sympathetic nervous system- decreases /increases and diameter

59
Q
A

Module 10 (27 decks)

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