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HHP - Cardiophysiology > Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Phases in pumping action of the heart
2) Opening and closing of valves
3) Changes in aortic, ventricular and atrial pressure, contraction and relaxation of heart muscle
4) Changes in ventricular volume
5) Heart sounds

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2
Q

What occurs in phase one of the cardiac cycle?

A

Mid to late ventricular diastole, ventricular filling, AV valves open and SL valves shut, finally atrial contraction

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3
Q

What occurs in phase two? (Ventricular systole)

A

Isovolumetric contraction this is where ventricles contract but pressure isn’t high enough to open the SL valves, therefore ventricular volume remains constant

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4
Q

What happens in phase three? (Ventricular systole)

A

Ventricular ejection, this is where SL valves open and AV valves shut

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5
Q

What happens in phase 4? (Early ventricular diastole)

A

Isovolumetric relaxation - ventricles relax, still too much pressure to allow AV valves to open and not enough pressure to maintain SL valves open. Therefore all valves are shut and there is no change in blood volume in ventricles.

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6
Q

In diastole is the aortic valve open or closed?

A

Closed

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7
Q

In aortic pressure what type of pressure is the minimum?

A

Diastolic

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8
Q

In aortic pressure what type of pressure is the maximum?

A

Systolic

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9
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

Caused by shutting of aortic valve

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10
Q

What is the name of the average aortic pressure occurring in cardiac cycle?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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11
Q

What is the calculation for pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What does a high pulse pressure indicate?

A

Hardening of the arteries (reduced elasticity)

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13
Q

What is the calculation for mean arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

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14
Q

Why is there not an average between diastolic and systolic pressure?

A

Aortic pressure closer to minimum (diastolic) for more time than maximum

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15
Q

What is the calculation for stroke volume?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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16
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Ratio of volume ejected in one beat to volume immediately prior to ejection

17
Q

What is the calculation for ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume / end diastolic volume

18
Q

What is the first sound of the cardiac cycle?

A

Occurs at the start of systole when AV valves close

19
Q

What is the second sound of the cardiac cycle?

A

Start of diastole when semi lunar valves close

20
Q

What is the cause of heart sounds?

A

Turbulent rush of blood through valves as they narrow and close

21
Q

What is coronary artery disease caused by?

A

Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries, which restrict blood flow to the myocardium

22
Q

What are the three phases of coronary artery disease?

A
  • Endothelial dysfunction, more adhesion molecules, chemokine, tissue factors, less endothelium-dependent vasodilation
  • Fatty streaks
    more VSMC migration, proliferation, platelet derived mediators
  • Complicated lesions more macrophages, T-cells, necrotic lipid core, tissue factor, more plaque vulnerability and thrombogenicity
23
Q

What is the name of the process that detects coronary artery disease?

A

Angiography

24
Q

What are the two routine procedures used to treat CAD?

A

Angioplasty and bypass graft

25
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

Balloon catheter which is inflated in obstructed area in artery, squashing plaque, stent is normally introduced into artery to stop artery narrowing again

26
Q

What is a bypass grant?

A

Normally using saphenous vein from the leg, attached to aorta to bypass blocked arteries

27
Q

What are the problems with routine procedures used to treat CAD?

A
  • Open chest surgery
  • Involves stopping the heart
  • Grafts can restenose
28
Q

What is cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A

Blood to systemic circulation has reduced level of oxygen carriage, hence darker blood colour

29
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

Caused by incomplete development of the septum causing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix

30
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of aorta, flow reduced, left ventricle pumps harder, high blood pressure

31
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

If the ductus arteriosus remains open, blood destined for the aorta flows to the lower pressure pulmonary trunk, increasing trunk blood pressure and overworking ventricles

32
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot?

A

4 defects: ventricular septal defect, over riding aorta that takes input from both ventricles, stenosed pulmonary artery, enlarged right ventricle causes cyanosis as very little blood reaches pulmonary circulation

HHP - Cardiophysiology (7 decks)

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