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HHP - Cardiophysiology > Systemic circulation > Flashcards

Systemic circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are vessels arranged in?

A

Parallel and series

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2
Q

What problems does the parallel circuitry of veins cause?

A

Implications in resistance, flow and pressure in blood vessels

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3
Q

Which of the vessels has the greatest total cross sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Which of the vessels carries the majority of blood volume?

A

Veins

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5
Q

Does velocity of blood flow increase with increased total cross sectional area?

A

No

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6
Q

Where is blood flow the slowest?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of blood vessel walls?

A

1) Tunica adventitia (connective tissue - collagen fibres)
2) Tunica media
(smooth muscle and elastin)
3) Tunica intima
endothelium (squamous)

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8
Q

What are some examples of elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and major branches

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9
Q

What are features of elastic arteries?

A
  • Large diameter, slow resistance pathways

- Large amounts of elastin in tunica media, withstand and smooth out large pressure fluctuations

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10
Q

What do muscular arteries do?

A

Deliver blood to specific organs

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11
Q

What are features of muscular arteries?

A
  • Small diameter
  • Less elastin and more smooth muscle in the tunica media
  • More active in vasoconstriction
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12
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Deliver blood to capillary beds

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13
Q

What type of muscle is the arteriole almost all made up of?

A

Smooth

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14
Q

What does arteriole diameter regulate?

A

Blood flow to capillary beds and responds to neural stimuli and local chemical influences

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15
Q

What are the two basic types of capillaries?

A

Continuous and fenestrated

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16
Q

What are features of continuous capillaries?

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells

Intercellular clefts exist

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17
Q

What are features of fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • Some endothelial cells have oval pores or fenestrations
  • Much more permeable to fluids and small solutes
  • Found where active absorption or filtrate formation occurs (small intestine, kidney)
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18
Q

What are the interweaving networks between capillaries called?

A

Capillary beds

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19
Q

What is blood flow through capillary beds termed as?

A

Microcirculation

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20
Q

What is the vascular shunt that bypasses true capillaries called?
(true capillaries are actual exchange vessels)

A

Metarteriole

21
Q

What is capillary flow regulated by? (Hint - it is a ring of smooth muscle fibres)

A

Precapillary sphincter

22
Q

What carries blood from the capillaries to the heart?

A

Venules - formed when capillaries unite

23
Q

What does the wall of smaller venules consist solely of?

A

Endothelium

24
Q

What do larger venules possess?

A

Sparse tunica media and tunica adventitia

25
Q

What distincts veins from arteries?

A

Walls are thinner and lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries

26
Q

What is systemic blood pressure?

A

Fluid driven through circuit of closed vessels operating under pressure

27
Q

What does blood flow along?

A

Pressure gradient - higher pressure closer to the pump

28
Q

How does pressure result?

A

When flow is opposed by resistance

29
Q

Where is systemic blood pressure the greatest?

A

The aorta

30
Q

Where is systemic blood pressure the lowest?

A

Right atrium

31
Q

Where does the steepest drop in systemic blood pressure occur?

A

Arterioles

32
Q

What does arterial blood pressure reflect?

A

1) Compliance of elastic arteries near the heart

2) Volume of blood being forced into these arteries at a particular point in time

33
Q

What is the highest arterial pressure?

A

Systolic pressure

34
Q

What is the lowest arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure

35
Q

How do you measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometry - cuff is inflated to a pressure above systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure so the smooth laminar blood flow through occluded artery is interrupted, resulting in Korotkoff sounds.

36
Q

When does the beginning and end of Korotkoff sounds start?

A

Beginning - systolic

End - diastolic

37
Q

Is capillary blood pressure higher at the arterial end or venous end?

A

Arterial

38
Q

Why is capillary pressure very important?

A

Must be low otherwise the fragile walls will rupture

Must be closely controlled to regulate the extent of filtration of solute into interstitial space

39
Q

Is venous pressure steady in the cardiac cycle?

A

Yes

40
Q

Why can’t venous blood returned to the heart be at the same rate as the heart pumping blood into the systemic arterial system?

A

Venous pressure normally too low

41
Q

What are the factors influencing venous return?

A

respiratory pump

skeletal muscle pump

42
Q

What does inspiration do to influence venous return?

A

Inspiration increases abdominal pressure, compresses abdominal veins.
Venous valves prevent back flow of blood and forces blood towards the heart
Inspiration decreases thoracic pressure - veins expand, aiding the movement of blood towards the right atrium

43
Q

How do skeletal muscles propel blood towards the heart?

A

Contract and compress the deep veins, valves distal to point of compression are closed by back flowing blood

44
Q

True or false - the greatest total cross sectional area occurs at the level of the muscular arteries

A

False

45
Q

True or false - at any point in time most of the blood is located in vessels at the venous side of the circulation

A

True

46
Q

True of false - the velocity of blood flow is greatest in the capillaries and venules

A

False

47
Q

True or false - the wall of the aorta contains more elastin and less smooth muscle than the wall of an arteriole

A

True

48
Q

True or false - the elastic arteries are less distensible and may vasoconstrict to a greater extent than muscular arteries

A

False

HHP - Cardiophysiology (7 decks)

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