Chapter 11

Question 1

Alienation

Answer 1

The circumstance in which a person is indifferent to or estranged from nature of the means of production

Question 2

Competitive Capitalism

Answer 2

The first of three phases of capitalism, beginning in the early eighteenth century; characterized by free-market competition and laissez-faire economic development

Question 3

Disorganized Capitalism

Answer 3

The most recent form of capitalism, characterized by disorganization and industrial restructuring

Question 4

Foreign Direct Investment (FID)

Answer 4

Direct investment by a government or transnational/multinational corporation in another country, often in the form of manufacturing or processing plan

Question 5

Globalization

Answer 5

A complex combination of economic, political and cultural changes that have long been evident but that have accelerated markedly since about 1980, bringing about a seemingly ever-increasing interconnectedness of people and places

Question 6

Innovations

Answer 6

Introduction of new inventions or ideas, especially ones that lead to change in the human behaviour of production processes

Question 7

International Division of Labour

Answer 7

The current tendency for high-wage and high-skill employment opportunities, often in the service sector, to be located in the more developed world, whereas low-wage and low-skill employment opportunities, often in the manufacturing or processing plants.

Question 8

Organized Capitalism

Answer 8

The second phase of capitalism, beginning after World War II; increased growth of major corporations and increased involvement by the state in the economy

Question 9

Princile of Least Effort

Answer 9

Considered to be a guiding principle in human activities; for human geographers, refers to minimizing distances and related moments

Question 10

Tariff

Answer 10

A tax or customs duty imposed on imports from another country

Question 11

Time-Space Convergence

Answer 11

A decrease in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies

Question 12

Transnational Cooperation (TNC)

Answer 12

A large business organization (firm) that operates in two or more countries; examples include Nike, Apple, Toyota, Coco-Cola, Samsung; sometimes referred to as a multinational corporation; in many cases, the head of the office is in a more developed country, and its manufacturing/processing facilities are in less developed countries

Question 13

The diminishing role of the friction of distance in the study of geography

Answer 13

As our modern systems of transportation reduce the effect of the friction of distance in many aspects of human movement what role does a distance-based study such as geography, what is its relevance?
-The friction of distance will never fully disappear especially on the small scale, in people’s everyday lives distance has a large impact on lifestyle and thus will never not be an issue

Question 14

Transportation Systems

Answer 14

systems that assist in overcoming the friction of distance.

Question 15

Evolution of Transpostation systems

Answer 15

Three processes characterized the evolution of transportation systems: intensification, or the filling of space; diffusion, or the spread across space; and articulation, of the development of more efficient spacial structures

Question 16

Water Transportation

Answer 16

Water is a particularly inexpensive method of moving people and goods over long distance. However it is slow, it may be circutous and not all locations are accessible by water.

Question 17

Railway Transportation

Answer 17

Railway are the second-least expensive form of transportation, after water, and are suitable for moving bulk materials when waterways are not avaiable. However, in come areas local topography makes railway construction (and maintenace) expensive, if not imposible

Question 18

Road Transportation

Answer 18

Road accommodates a range of vehicles and typically are less expensive to build than railways; hense, they are less often favoured in regional planing and related schemes.

Question 19

Air Transportation

Answer 19

Transportation by air is the most expensive method but is rapid and is usually favoured for small-bulk, high-value products. Air tranport is particularly subject to rapid technological change and to political influence.

Question 20

Containerization

Answer 20

Malcom P. Mclean developed the standard shipping container which fits all transport methods, road rail water and air, in the the 1950’s which helped to revolutionize the shipper industry and large quanitites of goods could be moved without havingt o be packed and unpacked at every change of transport method

Question 21

Trade

Answer 21

Trade in relation to distance can take place if the difference between the cost of production in one area and the market price in another will at least cover the cost of movement