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Kin 187 > CV System > Flashcards

CV System Flashcards

1
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation phase during which the ventricles fill with blood

AV value opens

Aortic and pulmonic valves closed

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2
Q

What is systole

A

Contraction phase during which the ventricles expel blood

AV valves closed

Aortic and pulmonic valves open

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3
Q

Intrinsic control of the heart is made up of what parts

A

Autorhythmaticity

SA node

AV node

Purkinje fibers

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4
Q

What happens in autorhythmaticity

A

This is the ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals

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5
Q

SA node is

A

The pacemaker of cardiac contraction

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6
Q

AV node does what

A

Delays impulse by 1/10 second allowing atria to contract before ventricles

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7
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do

A

Rapidly spreads impulse to contract throughout ventricles

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8
Q

What does ECG measure

A

Records the electrical activity of the heart

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9
Q

What is the ECG measurement broken up into

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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10
Q

What is the P wave

A

Atrial depolarisation

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11
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarisation and atrial repolarisation

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12
Q

What is the T wave

A

Ventricular repolarsation

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13
Q

ECG abnormailites may indicate what

A

Coronary heart disease

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14
Q

What can indicate myocardial ischemia on an ECG

A

ST segment depression

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15
Q

When does intraventicular pressure rise during PQRST

What causes this pressure increase

A

From R to S

Ventricles contracting

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16
Q

When does intraventricular pressure fall during PQRST

What causes this pressure decrease

A

T wave

Ventricles relaxing

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17
Q

When does the AV valves close

When do the semilunar valves close

A

When ventricles contract

When blood has just left the heart

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18
Q

During Diastole:

Pressure is…
Blood is…

A

Pressure in ventricles is low

Ventricles filling with blood from atria

AV valves open when ventricular pressure < atrial pressure

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19
Q

During Systole:

Pressure is….
Blood is…

A

Pressure in ventricle rises

Blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation

Semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure > aortic pressure

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20
Q

How many heart sounds are there

When are they

A

2 sounds

1st: Closing of AV valves
2nd: Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

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21
Q

What is cardiac output equation

A

Q = HR x SV

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22
Q

Heart rate is controlled both

A

Intrinsically

Extrinsically

23
Q

Stroke volume is controlled by

A

End Diastolic volume (EDV)

Afterload

Contractility

24
Q

How is heart rate extrinsically controlled

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic tone

Onset of exericse

25
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system control heart rate

A

Via the vagus nerve

Slows HR by inhibiting SA AND AV node

26
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system control heart rate

A

Via cardiac accelerator nerves

Increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node

27
Q

Low resting heart rate is due to

A

Parasympathetic tone

28
Q

What is the reason for an increase in HR on the onset of exercise

A

Initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal - up to 100 beats/per

Later increase is due to increased SNS stimulation

29
Q

End diastolic volume is

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (preload)

30
Q

Aortic blood pressure is

A

The pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload)

Mean arterial pressure

31
Q

Contractility refers to

Is enhanced by

A

Strength of the ventricular contraction

Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
Direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

32
Q

Regulation of stroke volume via end diastolic volume is dependent on

A

Frank starling mechanism

Venous return

33
Q

What is frank starlings mechanism

A

Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction due to stretch of ventricles

34
Q

Venous return is increased by

A

Venoconstriction via SNS

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

35
Q

The skeletal pump is

What prevents back flow

A

Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the extremities towards the heart

One way valves in veins

36
Q

The respiratory pump is

A

Changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward heart

37
Q

As stroke volume increases so does

A

End diastolic volume

38
Q

When is the increase in stroke volume/end diastolic volume due to increased venous return

A

100ml SV
200ml EDV
Intercept

39
Q

What is afterload

A

The tension developed in the wall of the left ventricle during ejection

40
Q

What does a high afterload result in

Why

A

Decrease stroke volume

Because it requires greater force generation by myocardium to eject blood into the aorta

41
Q

Afterload is represented by a decrease in ______

A

Stroke

42
Q

What results in a higher stroke volume

A

Increased contractility

Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine

DIrect sympathetic stimulation of the heart

43
Q

An increase in EDV and Contractility and a decrease in Afterload results in

A

Higher Cardiac output and SV

HR remains the same

Q = HR x SV

44
Q

What are the factors that influence arterial blood pressure

A

Determinants of mean arterial pressure

Short term regulation

Long term regulation

45
Q

What are the determinants of MAP

A

Cardiac output

Total vascular resistance

ABP = Q x TPR

46
Q

Short term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves

A

Sympathetic nervous system to heart and vasculature

Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

47
Q

Baroreceptors detect changes in

A

Blood pressure

48
Q

Baroreceptors cause ________ when blood pressure increases

A

Decreased SNS

BP normalises

49
Q

Baroreceptors cause ________ when blood pressure decreases

A

Increased SNS

BP normalises

50
Q

Long term regulation of arterial blood pressure is due to

A

The kidneys

Via control of blood volume

51
Q

What regulates total peripheral resistance

A

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

52
Q

Vasodilation causes

It can be initiated by

A

Decreased resistance

Decreased Blood pressure

Nitric oxide

53
Q

Vasoconstriction causes

A

Increased resistance

Increased BP

Kin 187 (21 decks)

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