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Pharmacology > Behavior Modifying Drugs (Anxiolytics and TCAs) > Flashcards

Behavior Modifying Drugs (Anxiolytics and TCAs) Flashcards

1
Q

What are some behavioral reasons for relinquishment in dogs?

A

Destructive, house-soiling, aggression, escapes, disobedient, barking

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2
Q

What are some behavioral reasons for relinquishment?

A

House soiling, problems with other pets, aggression towards people, destructive behavior, aggression towards animals, bites, disobedience, euthanasia for behavioral reasons, unfriendly, afraid

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3
Q

What are some general abnormalities?

A

aggression, fear, anxiety, compulsive disorder, inappropriate elimination, and cognitive dysfunction in geriatric patients

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4
Q

What is a behavioral abnormality associated with dobermans? English bull terriors? German Sheperds?

A

Dobermans - flank sucking

English Bull Terriers - Spinning

German Shepherds - incessant tail chasing

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5
Q

True or False: Behavior modifying drugs are curative.

A

False - they are for management

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6
Q

Psychotherapy must go hand in hand with what?

A

pharmacotherapy

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7
Q

What are some behaviors associated with noise aversion?

A

hiding, vocalizing, panting, shaking or trembling, vomiting, urinating, or defecation on the spot

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8
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with behavior?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, endorphins

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9
Q

Depression is a ______ disorder.

A

heterogenous

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10
Q

What is the Biogenic amine hypothesis theory?

A

reduction in NE and 5-HT (serotonin) levels might be a causative factor in depression

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11
Q

What are the treatment strategies for Biogenic amine hypothesis of mood?

A

agents that enhance the actions of these monoamines are efficacious in the treatment of depression

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12
Q

What are the drug categories for behavior-modifying drugs?

A

Anxiolytics, antidepressents, alpha agonists, serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors

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13
Q

What are the types of anxiolytics?

A

Benzodiazepines, azapirones

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14
Q

What drugs are the benzodiazepines?

A

Alprazolam (Xanax), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam( Ativan), Oxazepam (Serax)

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15
Q

Benzodiazepines are not a major concern for ______ treatment.

A

Short-term

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16
Q

What is the goal of the use for benzodiazepines?

A

decrease anxiety

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A

Enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission via stimulation of GABA A receptors, hence resulting in membrane hyperpolarization via ehancement of GABA mediated chloride conductance

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18
Q

What are the sites of action of benzodiazepines?

A

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and thalamus

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19
Q

Studies have shown that there is a ______ correlation between psychological stress and _____ of the GABA system. In order to correct this, we are trying to _______ GABA neurotransmission.

A

positive, malfunctioning, enhance

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20
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines?

A

lack of behavioral specificity exhibit dose dependent but minimal CNS depressent effects Decrease anxiety, fear, and aggression and noise phobia

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21
Q

What are the actions of benzodiazepines in low doses?

A

mild sedation

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22
Q

What are the actions of benzodiazepines in moderate doses?

A

anti-anxiety agents

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23
Q

What are the actions of high doses in benzodiazepines?

A

hypnotics

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24
Q

Why would benzodiazepines be used in combination with other psychotropic drugs?

A

to improve clinical outcome

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25
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines?

A

Patients experience withdrawals, so you need to wean them off slowly

May cause physical addiction Ataxia Liver failure

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of using benzodiazepines?

A

Amnesic effects may interfere with behavior modification therapy

Contradicted in aggressive patients because it can cause paradoxial excitability

Prone to abuse by humans

27
Q

Which Benzodiazepine will have the biggest therapeutic advantage>

A

alprazolam

28
Q

What are the therapeutic uses for Diazepam (Valium)?

A

treatment of anxiety treatment of urine spraying behavior in cats appetite stimulant in cats

29
Q

What is Diazepam less effective in treating than alprazolam?

A

storm phobia and separation anxiety

30
Q

What are the adverse effects of Diazepam?

A

hepatic necrosis in cats concurrent administration with CYP 450 metabolizing drugs may reduce drug metabolism

31
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of alprazolam (Xanax)?

A

Useful for the treatment of acute fear situations

Panic disorders in dogs

Physical dependence

32
Q

Alprazolam in combination with _____ is beneficial in the treatment of storm phobia.

A

clomipramine

33
Q

What can occur if withdrawal from alprazolam is too quick?

A

anxiety, tremors, or seizures may occur

34
Q

When should Alprazolam bot be givien?

A

concurrently with drugs that inhibit the CYP 450 system including ketoconazole and itraconazole

35
Q

In what patients would you use Oxazepam (serax)?

A

In patients with compromised liver function In aged canine subjects

36
Q

What is Oxazepam (Serax) effective in doing in cats?

A

appetite stimulant

37
Q

When would you use Lorazepam (Ativan?

A

To treat intercat aggression - victim cat (pyriah)

38
Q

What drug is FDA approved for use in dogs with noise aversion?

A

Pexion

39
Q

BuSpar is the first __________ anxiolytic drug to be developed and markeded. It is a _________ used in dogs and cats.

A

nonsedating, nonbenzodiazepine

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of BuSpar?

A

Acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT 1a receptors (presynaptic serotonin breaking mechanisms)

Also has affinity for D2 receptors

41
Q

What does prolonged activation of 5-HT 1a autoreceptors in the DRN lead to?

A

receptor desensitization and results in increase in 5-HT release in the limbic regions

42
Q

How quickly does buspirone work?

A

It has a delayed onset which takes several weeks to demonstrate therapeutic effectiveness

43
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Buspirone?

A

Management of generalized anxiety disorder

Treatment of intercat aggression

In dogs, in combination with fluoxetine to treat aggression and anxiety

44
Q

What are the advantages of using buspirone?

A

Likelihood of side effects are low not associated with withdrawal effects or dependence

Does not produce amnestic effects

45
Q

What drugs do buspirone interact with?

A

mono amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) - causes hypertensive crisis

46
Q

What are the types of antidepressants used in aniimals?

A

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

47
Q

What are the common TCAs?

A

Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine, and Nortriptyline

48
Q

How do TCAs work?

A

They block the reuptake of neurotransmitters so that the synapse remains flooded with neurotransmitters

They also desensitize alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and 5-HT autoreceptors resulting in elevated extrasynaptic levels of 5-HT and NE

49
Q

What are the therapeutic uses for TCAs?

A

treatment of anxiety in dogs and cats pruritic conditions compulsive disorders

50
Q

What is the time of onset of TCAs?

A

3-4 weeks for behavior improvement

51
Q

What are the side effects to TCAs?

A

Anticholinergic effects, tachycardia, H1 antagonism, alpha receptor antagonism, slowed cardiac conduction

52
Q

What are the ‘nasty’ anticholinergic effects associated with TCAs?

A

dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and blurred vision

53
Q

What patients should you not give TCAs?

A

patients with a history of seizures or a risk for siezures

54
Q

What drugs to TCAs interact with?

A

SSRIs or MAO inhibitors

55
Q

What are is the washout period for TCAs before you can initiate MAOI therapy?

A

2-3 weeks

56
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Elavil?

A

dogs- self-induced mutilation, and separation anxiety

cats - inappropriate urination, psychogenic alopecia, excessive vocalization, and idiopathic intersitial cystitis

57
Q

What is Clomipramine (Anafranil) FDA approved for?

A

separation anxiety in dogs

58
Q

What can Clomipramine (Anafranil) also be used for?

A

tail chasing behavior acral lick dermatitis

59
Q

What are the adverse effects of Amitriptyline?

A

sedation, mydriasis, and urinary retention

60
Q

What are the contraindications of Amitriptyline?

A

concomitant use with a CYP450 inhibitors such as cimetidine, ketoconozole, or chloramphenicol may inhibit the metabolism of TCAs

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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