Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Energy Source

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2
Q

What are the functions of lipids in the body?

A

Energy source
Membrane components
Hormonal signalling

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3
Q

Name 2 trioses important in glycolysis (that Nick wants us to know).

A

dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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4
Q

Name 2 pentoses.

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose

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5
Q

Name 3 hexoses.

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose. (Cyclic monosaccharides)

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6
Q

Name 3 disaccharides and their constituent monosaccharide parts.

A

Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose

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7
Q

Name 4 important polysaccharides

A

Starch - plant source 75% Amylopectin 25% Amylose
Cellulose - plant source, indigestible
Glycogen - animal source
Dextrin - breakdown product of glycogen and starch

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8
Q

What are the energy contents of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and alcohol?

A
(In kcal/g)
Carbs: 4
Lipids: 9
Protein: 4
Alcohol: 7
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9
Q

Define a fatty acid

A
Hydrocarbon chains (long >12C, v.long >22C)
Can be saturated or unsaturated (C=C)
Can be cis or trans (isomerism)
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10
Q

What are the components of a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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11
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

PO₄ group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine
(Phospholipid Membranes)

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12
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

Carbohydrate element attached to one or more fatty acid chains directly or via glycerol or sphingosine.
(Cell surface receptors)

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13
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

Small (4-carbon), water-soluble fatty acids formed by the liver during fasting (energy substrates for the brain).

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14
Q

Excessive production of ketones can lead to what complication in diabetic patients?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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15
Q

Name 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid

and the breakdown product acetone

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16
Q

What are the main lipoproteins used in lipid metabolism and transport in the body?

A
Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL
17
Q

Where is GLUT1? What does it transport?

A

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose
Found everywhere
High affinity

18
Q

Where is GLUT2? What does it transport?

A

Glucose, Fructose
Liver, Pancreatic B cell
Low affinity

19
Q

Where is GLUT3? What does it transport?

A

Glucose

Brain, Intestine, Placenta

20
Q

Where is GLUT4? What does it transport?

A

Glucose
Skel. muscle, Adipose
!INSULIN SENSITIVE!

21
Q

What does SGLT stand for?

A

Sodium Glucose Linked Transporter (Active transport)

22
Q

Where is SGLT1? What does it transport?

A

2 glucose, Na+, galactose

Intestine, Kidney

23
Q

Where is SGLT2? What does it transport?

A

2 glucose, Na+
Kidneys
(Tip: SGLT2 = 2 kidneys. SGLT1 = 1 intestine)