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Neuroscience > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove furrow or trench on the surface of the brain

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2
Q

Gyrus

A

A ridge or fold between two clefs on the cerebral surface of the brain

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3
Q

Telencephalon

A

Region of the brain that includes the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures including the hippocampus and basal ganglia

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4
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

A thin transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac

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5
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

Thin strands of connective tissue that extend from the arachnoid mater to the pia mater and help keep the brain suspended in place

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6
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the 3 membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord

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7
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A large fiber that connects the left and right hemispheres, facilitating communication between them

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Contains the primary motor cortex. Thought to be the center of executive functions and an important area for memory, learning, and cognition

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9
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Located in a ridge of the cortex called the post central gyrus, found the in the parietal lobe. Situated just posterior to the central sulcus. Consists of Brodmann’s areas

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10
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

A series of 47 areas of the neocortex. Areas are distinguished based on the subtle cellular or structural differences.

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11
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Makes up the rearmost area of the brain. The primary visual cortex is located here, therefore the occipital lobe is considered the visual center of the brain

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Located close to the ear. Structures in the temporal lobe are important for memory, language, and hearing.

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13
Q

Cortical Homunculus

A

The visual anatomical divisions of the primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex. Represents how the body is perceived within the brain and how the neurons are distributed in these areas to create this perception

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14
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Motor Area anterior to the primary motor cortex. Thought to be involved in the planning of movements, but also has a number of other functions that are still poorly understood

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15
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex

A

Area just anterior to the primary motor cortex that contributed to movement. Its precise role isn’t clear, but it may be involved in the planning and execution of sequences of movements, attainment of motor skills, and making decision about what movement is most appropriate based on environmental context

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16
Q

Frontal Eye Fields

A

A region of primate prefrontal cortex defined as the area in which the low-current electrical stimulation evokes saccadic eye movements. Significant role in the planning and execution of saccadic eye movement

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17
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

A region of the frontal lobes that is most typically associated with executive functions including working memory and selective attention. Critically involved in cognitive control, including cognitive control over emotions

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18
Q

Working Memory

A

The part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing

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19
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Encompasses the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, subgenus cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Has been shown to play a key role in the extinction of conditioned fear responses, and importantly in the maintenance of fear extinction over time

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

A subcortical structure that serves as a relay between sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex. The thalamus also play important roles in consciousness and arousal

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21
Q

Central Fissure

A

One of the deepest grooves on the surface of the cerebrum. Separates the frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Group of nuclei that lies just below the thalamus. Crucial to the maintenance of homeostasis, as well as reproductive functions, fight or flight reactions, and sleep

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23
Q

Spatiotopic

A

The ability to perceive the visual world around us as spatially stable despite frequent eye movements

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24
Q

Homeostatic

A

The tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal conditions, such as the chemical composition of its body fluids, so as to maintain heal and functioning, regardless of outside conditions

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25
Q

Diencephalon

A

A Small part of the brain that is divided into 4 parts: epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. Plays a number of critical roles in healthy brain and bodily function

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26
Q

Subcortical

A

Relating to or denoting the region of the brain below the cortex

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27
Q

The limbic system

A

A group of structures often associated with emotion. The structures included in the limbic system vary according to the definition, but structures common to all definitions include the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus

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28
Q

Amygdala

A

A collection of nuclei found in the temporal lobe. The amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system. The are often linked to fear, but they seem to play a role in orchestrating emotional responses to both positive and negative stimuli, while at the same time helping to form memories about the importance of said stimuli

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29
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure in the temporal lobe that has many functions, but is especially recognized for its role in memory consolidation

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30
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

Area of cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum, and is thought to be important in emotional responses. It is considered to be part of the limbic system

31
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

The N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. Activated when glycine and glutamate bind to it

32
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Part of the prefrontal cortex found directly above the orbits of the eyes. It is thought to be involved in decision making and emotional processing

33
Q

Anterior Cingulate cortex

A

front-most portion of the cingulate cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (or ACC) has been implicated in several complex cognitive functions, such as empathy, impulse control, emotion, and decision-making.

34
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A collection of structures thought to be especially important in voluntary movement, but also with important roles in cognition, learning, motivation, and other functions. Includes: Caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, nucleus, nucleus accumbent, and subthalamic nucleus

35
Q

Caudate

A

Makes up striatum with the putamen, and nucleus accumbens

36
Q

Striatum

A

Small group of contiguous subcortical structures: caudate, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens. Caudate and putamen are separated from one another by white matter tract called the internal capsule. Facilitation of voluntary. movement receive info from cerebral cortex

37
Q

Globus Palladus

A

One of the nuclei included in the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus is thought to be especially important to movement

38
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Midbrain nucleus that is rich in dopamine neurons. Supplies the basal ganglia with dopamine. The death of dopamine neurons here is associated with symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Is involved in reward, motivation, and addiction

39
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus

A

Part of the basal ganglia, the subthalamic nucleus is found in the diencephalon. Receives input from the striatum and helps to modulate motor behavior

40
Q

Midbrain

A

Uppermost portion of the brainstem. Associated with a multitude of functions including vision, hearing, and movement. Contains the substantia nigra

41
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

One of the paired structures in the midbrain that is involved with processing visual information. The superior colliculi are involved in gaze direction and visual attention, among other things

42
Q

Saccades

A

A quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction.

43
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

One of the paired structures that is involved in processing auditory info

44
Q

Locus Coerulus

A

A brainstem nucleus that is the primary site for the production of norepinephrine in the CNS

45
Q

Serotonin

A

A monamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.

46
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

A collection of nuclei in the brainstem that produce serotonin. The raphe nuclei are the primary source of serotonin for the CNS.

47
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

Major dopamine pathway that begins in the ventral tegmental area and connects the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Is especially important to mediating pleasures and rewarding experiences.

48
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

A midbrain structure that is rich in dopamine neurons. Important in the reward system.

49
Q

Afferent

A

conducting or conducted inward or toward something.

50
Q

efferent

A

Conducted or conducting outward or away from something

51
Q

Reticular formation

A

Central region of the brainstem. It is made up of a dense and complex network of neurons, afferent and efferent fibers. It. has involvement in many different nervous system processes.

52
Q

Pons

A

One of the 3 major components of the brainstem along with the medulla and midbrain. It relays signals to the cerebellum and has a # of nuclei that deal with autonomic functions like respiration, bladder control, swallowing, and other functions.

53
Q

Medulla

A

Lowest portion of the brainstem and the point where the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. It contains a # of nuclei that are necessary for maintaining vital functions like heart rate and respiration

54
Q

Lateralization

A

Tendency for some neural function or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other.

55
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

Neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patters such as walking, breathing, and swimming in. the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific info.

56
Q

Spinal reflex

A

reflexes that act through the spinal cord. Receptors in the muscles and tendons are stimulated by stretch, so initiating impulses which travel via the sensory neurons of the peripheral nerve to the posterior horn of the spinal cord.

57
Q

Alpha Motor Neurons

A

Lower motor neurons whose cell bodies are found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and whose axons travel down to the body of the innervate skeletal muscle contraction

58
Q

Ventral Root

A

The motor root of a spinal nerve, which carries motor information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body and eaves from the anterior side of the cord

59
Q

Actin & Myosin

A

Proteins that form the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and are also involved in motion in other types of cells

60
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A hormone and neurotransmitter that is known for its role in sympathetic nervous system activity and involvement in the stress response. AKA Noradrenaline

61
Q

Putamen

A

Part of the basal ganglia. Putamen, Caudate, and nucleus accumbens together form the striatum

62
Q

Cuneate Nuclei

A

One of the dorsal column nuclei, its a wedge shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla. It contains called that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, and is visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla

63
Q

Gracile

A

Located in the medulla, one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body

64
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A compound which occur throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter

65
Q

Cytoarchitectonics

A

The arrangement of cells in a tissue, especially in specific areas of the cerebral cortex characterized by the arrangement of their cells and each associated with particular functions.

66
Q

Tract Tracing

A

A research method which is used to trace axonal projections from their source to their point of termination

67
Q

Positron emission tomography

A

A type of nuclear medicine procedure that measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues. Usually a combination of nuclear medicine and biochemical analysis

68
Q

Anti-electrons

A

The antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. Has an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2, and has the same mass as an electron

69
Q

SPECT

A

A nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. Very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera

70
Q

FMRI

A

Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

71
Q

MEG

A

A functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity be recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers

72
Q

DTI

A

The use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images resulting from data that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MRIs

73
Q

Optogenetics

A

A biological technique that involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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