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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cells and Tissues: Body Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues: Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

Atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of the body

eg. C, H, O, DNA and glucose

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2
Q

What is the cellular level?

A

Molecules that combine to form cells which are the basic structural and functional units of the body (over 200 types)

eg. muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. There are four main types

eg. muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial

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4
Q

What is the organ level?

A

Organs are structures that are made up of two or more different types of tissues that have a specific function

eg. stomach, skin, bones and heart

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5
Q

What is the system level?

A

A system has related organs working within it to carry out a common function

eg. the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

all the parts of the body that make a living organism

eg. the individual

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7
Q

What are the eleven systems of the body?

A

MURDERS LINC
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lympathic (and immune), Integumentary, Nervous and Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the Integumentary system?

A 
Cutaneous membrane = Skin (epidermis and dermis)
Hair follicles
Hair
Sebaceous Glands
Sweat Glands (including mammary glands)
Nails
Sensory Receptors 
Hypodermis
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9
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

To protect by covering body surfaces and deeper tissue

To produce vitamin D

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10
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Where is the most vitamin D produced in the epidermis?

A

In the Stratum Spinosum and the Stratum Basale

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer

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13
Q

What is the Papillary layer and what is it made of?

A

the layer below the epidermis and is the upper dermis which is made of areolar tissue

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14
Q

What is the Reticular layer and what is it made of?

A

The middle layer (deeper dermis) which is made of dense irregular connective tissue and provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin

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15
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

To feed the epidermis

Provide strength for the skin and it contains glands

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16
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

To provide sensation through innervation

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17
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

To lubricate the hair shaft and epidermis

Remove waste

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19
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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20
Q

What systems is the mammary gland in?

A

The reproductive and integumentary (is a modified sweat gland)

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21
Q

What is the function of the nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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22
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

To detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

To store fat and attach the skin to deeper layers

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24
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the muscular system?

A 
Skeletal muscle
Axial muscle
Appendicular muscle
Tendons
Aponeuroses
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25
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A 
To provide skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits to the digestive, urinary and respiratory system
Produce heat (shivering)
Support skeleton
Protect soft tissues
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26
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A

To provide support

The positioning of the axial skeleton

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27
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

To support, move and brace limbs

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28
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Attaches muscle to bone

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29
Q

What is the function of aponeuroses?

A

Attached muscle to muscle

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30
Q

What are the components/organ structures of the skeletal system?

A 
Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Bone
Red Bone Marrow
Yellow Bone marrow
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31
Q

What is the function of the bone?

A

To store minerals
Protection
Support
Provides a place for the muscle to attach

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32
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A

To protect soft tissue with some flexibility and is located in the ribs (lines chest)

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33
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

It is found in intervertebral discs and protects the vertebrae interfaces

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34
Q

What is in the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes:
Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage and ligaments

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35
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax
Supports body weight over lower limbs

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36
Q

What is in the appendicular skeleton?

A

The limbs and supporting bones and ligaments including the arms, legs and pelvis

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37
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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38
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous joints that hold bones together

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39
Q

What are the joints?

A

Where two or more bones meet

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40
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

In flat bones (e.g. pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)

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41
Q

What is the function of the red bone marrow?

A

To produce red blood cells

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42
Q

Trends in age for yellow and red bone marrow

A

Redbone marrow decreases with age

Yellow bone marrow increases with age

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43
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

In the medullary cavity of long bones

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44
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

To store fat cells and converts to red bone marrow after major bleeding

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45
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found?

A

Redbone marrow

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46
Q

What is the function of megakaryocytes

A

To produce platelets

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47
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A 
The central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord
Special Senses
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
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48
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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49
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

It is the control centre of the body and has short term control over other systems

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50
Q

What system is the optic nerve apart of?

A

The central nervous system as it transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain

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51
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Complex integrative activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary activities

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52
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

It relays information to and from the brain

Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

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53
Q

What is the function of the special sense?

A

Sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium

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54
Q

What system are the special senses in and what is the one exception?

A

the PNS system except for the optic nerve which is CNS

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55
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

To link the CNS with other systems and sense organs

56
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A 
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads
57
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland?

A

Controls day/night rhythms through secretion of melatonin

58
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

the brain

59
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland?

A

To control many other endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance

60
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland found?

A

The brain

61
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Controls metabolic heart rate and calcium levels

62
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

the throat

63
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

To control calcium levels

64
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

the throat

65
Q

What is the endocrine function of the thymus?

A

The maturation of lymphocytes (white blood cells)

66
Q

Where is the thymus found?

A

Above the heart

67
Q

What systems is the thymus in?

A

The endocrine and the lymphatic systems

68
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A 
Water and mineral balance 
(e.g. aldosterone)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)
Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline)
69
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Above the kidneys

70
Q

What is the endocrine function of the kidneys?

A

Red blood cell production
Blood pressure increase
Calcium levels

71
Q

What systems are the kidneys in?

A

The endocrine and urinary

72
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Glucose control

The islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin to control glucose levels in the blood

73
Q

What systems is the pancreas in?

A

The endocrine and digestive system

74
Q

What is the function of the gonads?

A

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

75
Q

Where are growth hormones (IGF) secreted from?

A

the anterior pituitary

76
Q

What is gigantism?

A

a condition that results from hypersecretion of growth hormones in youth leading to a large size

77
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

a condition that results in the enlargement of extremities by the overproduction of growth hormones in adults

78
Q

What is Erythropoietin (EPO) and where does it come from?

A

A glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney

79
Q

What is the function of Erythropoietin?

A

To signal for erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in bone marrow

The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen

80
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A 
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B cells and T cells
Lymph nodes including tonsils
Spleen
Thymus
81
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

To carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of Cardiovascular system

82
Q

What is the function of lymphatic fluid?

A

To carry lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut

83
Q

What is the function of B cells and T cells?

A

They are cells that carry out immune responses

84
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)

85
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A 
Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Stimulates immune response
Like are large lymph node
86
Q

What is the lymphatic function of the thymus?

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

87
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood

88
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To propel blood and maintain blood pressure

89
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To transport blood from the heart to the capillaries

90
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

91
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To return blood from the capillaries to the heart

92
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A 
Transport  of Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation 
Defence against illness (immune cells)
Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
93
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A 
Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
94
Q

What are the functions of the Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter, warm, and humidify the air and detect smells

95
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

To conduct air to the larynx

96
Q

What systems is the pharynx in?

A

The respiratory and digestive systems

97
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Protects opening to the trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation

98
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Conducts air

Cartilage keeps it open

99
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

Conducts air between the trachea and the lungs

100
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli
Acid-base control

101
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A 
Oral Cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Anus
102
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

103
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Buffers and lubricant

Enzymes and begin digestion

104
Q

What is the digestive function of the pharynx?

A

Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus Chamber shared with Resp system

105
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

to deliver food to the stomach

106
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Secretes acid, Enzymes and Hormones to digest food

107
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients (most in the body)

108
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood

109
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Concentrates bile

110
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells

111
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Water removal

112
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

Water storage and removal

113
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A 
Sublingual gland (front)
Submandibular gland (middle)
Parotoid gland (back)
114
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

115
Q

What is the urinary function of the kidneys?

A

Form and concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Endocrine function (production of blood cells and mineral balance)

116
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Conducts urine to the bladder

117
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Stores urine prior to elimination

118
Q

What is the urinary function of the urethra?

A

Conducts urine to exterior

119
Q

What systems is the urethra in?

A

Urinary and reproductive

120
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A 
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
121
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produce sperm

122
Q

What systems are the testes in?

A

The reproductive and endocrine system

123
Q

What is the function of the Epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation

124
Q

What is the function of Ductus deferens?

A

The tube that receives sperm from the epididymis

125
Q

What is the function of the seminal glands?

A

Secretion of seminal fluid

126
Q

What is the function of the prostate glands?

A

Secretion of seminal fluid

127
Q

What is the reproductive function of the urethra?

A

to take sperm to the exterior

128
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

transport sperm and protective fluid (semen)

129
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

thermal control of the testes

130
Q

What is the reproductive function of the ovaries?

A

to produce oocytes and hormones

131
Q

What systems are the ovaries in?

A

Endocrine and reproductive

132
Q

What is the function of the uterine (or fallopian) tubes?

A

Delivers oocyte from ovary to uterine cavity

It is the location of fertilisation

133
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Embryonic development

134
Q

What is the function of the vagina and external genitalia?

A

Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal

135
Q

What is the reproductive function of the mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for newborns

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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