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BIOSCI 107 Part One > Cell Structure and Function: Harvesting Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is the energy that powers cellular work

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2
Q

What releases energy?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate releases energy

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3
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

is the metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy. Complex molecules are formed from simple molecules

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4
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

is the metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy. Complex molecules are broken down into simple molecule

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5
Q

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

A

glycogen being broken down into glucose

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6
Q

Are catabolic and anabolic reaction spontaneous?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the main fuels needed to generate ATP?

A

Carbohydrates (which are broken down into simple sugars)

Proteins (which are broken down into amino acids)

Fats (which are broken down into simple fats)

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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9
Q

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol of the cell

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11
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

The inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

Is oxygen required for glycolysis?

A

No

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15
Q

What is an aerobic reaction?

A

A reaction requiring oxygen

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16
Q

What is an anaerobic reaction?

A

A reaction that doesn’t require oxygen

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17
Q

What is invested in glycolysis?

A

Two ATP molecules

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18
Q

What occurs in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

Two ATP molecules are invested
6 carbon glucose is split into two 3 carbon molecules (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
2 ADP is formed

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19
Q

What occurs in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

Four ATP molecules are produced
The two 3 carbon molecules are converted into two molecules of Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2 NADH are formed

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20
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A

2 Pyruvic acid molecules and 2 H2O molecules
2 ATP (4 ATP formed - 2 ATP invested)
2 NADH + 2H+ (from 2 NAD+, 4e- and 4H+)

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21
Q

What is produced in the anaerobic reaction that occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen present?

A

Lactic acid

2 Pyruvic acid (is oxidised) + 2NADH → 2 Lactic acid + 2NAD+

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22
Q

Does pyruvate oxidation require oxygen?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What steps does pyruvate oxidation link?

A

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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24
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

An enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into an acetyl group (2 carbons)

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25
Q

What is lost when pyruvic acid is broken down into an acetyl group?

A

A CO2 molecule and a H+ and H-

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26
Q

What picks up the H- lost by pyruvic acid in pyruvate oxidation?

A

the NAD+ which is reduced to NADH

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27
Q

Where does the H+ go in pyruvate oxidation

A

It is released into the mitochondrial matrix

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28
Q

What is coenzyme A?

A

The enzyme that attaches itself to the acetyl group in pyruvate oxidation, producing acetyl coenzyme A (or Acetyl CoA)

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29
Q

Net products of pyruvate oxidation

A

2 NADH (1 NADH per pyruvate)
2 CO2 molecules (1 per pyruvate)
2 Acetyl CoA (1 per pyruvate)

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30
Q

Does pyruvate oxidation produce ATP?

A

No

31
Q

Does the citric acid cycle require oxygen?

A

Yes

32
Q

What happens to acetyl CoA as soon as it begins the citric acid cycle?

A

It loses the coenzyme A as it joins to a 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), forming citrate

33
Q

What is citrate converted into?

A

Its isomer, isocitrate

34
Q

How is a-keto glutarate formed?

A

Isocitrate is oxidised and releases CO2 and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

35
Q

Name of the enzyme that oxidises isocitrate

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

36
Q

How is succinyl CoA formed?

A

NAD+ is reduced to NADH releasing CO2 and A-ketoglutarate is oxidised, and creates a four carbon compound, succinyl CoA, which is unstable

37
Q

How is succinate formed

A

The CoA of succinyl CoA is replaced by a phosphate group, which is then transferred to ADP to make ATP. The four carbon molecule produced by this step is called succinate

38
Q

How is fumarate formed?

A

Succinate is oxidised to form another 4 carbon molecules, called fumarate

39
Q

How is FADH2 formed?

A

After succinate has been oxidised into fumarate, Two hydrogen atoms (and their electrons) are transferred to FAD which produces FADH2

40
Q

How is malate formed?

A

Water is added to fumarate to form another four carbon molecule called malate

41
Q

What occurs to malate after it has been formed?

A

Malate is oxidised into oxaloacetate (starting four carbon compound) and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

42
Q

Net products of citric acid cycle

A 
2 ATP (1 per acetyl CoA)
6 NADH (3 per acetyl CoA)
2 FADH2 (1 per acetyl CoA)
4 CO2 (2 per acetyl CoA)
43
Q

What is substrate phosphorylation?

A

is where ATP is generated by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP

Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle make ATP via substrate phosphorylation

44
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation

A

is when ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons (doesn’t rely on substrates)

45
Q

Does the electron transport chain require oxygen?

A

Yes

46
Q

What are the electron donors in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 (from Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) are oxidized to donate 1 or 2 electrons
(FADH2 comes in at protein 2)

47
Q

What do electrons move between in the ETC?

A

they move from protein to protein

48
Q

What happens to the electrons every time they are transferred between proteins?

A

each electron gives up a small number of energy which enables H+ to be pumped into the intermembrane space

49
Q

What is the function of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen “pulls” the electrons down the chain and is then the final electron acceptor where it is reduced to water (H2O)

50
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space rush down their concentration gradient through enzyme ATP synthase

51
Q

How much ATP is produced by chemiosmosis?

A

26 or 28

52
Q

What can block electrons reaching oxygen and the death of the cell?

A

Cyanide

53
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

is the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. It is much more efficient than substrate phosphorylation and is where the bulk of ATP production occurs

54
Q

What can be used to derive energy from apart from glucose?

A

Fats
Proteins
Complex carbohydrates
(Monomers enter glycolysis and the citric acid cycle at different points)

55
Q

What is Phosphofructokinase?

A

is a rate limiting enzyme that can be rate limiting for glycolysis

56
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase?

A

It is inhibited by citrate and ATP (ie. products of cellular respiration)

57
Q

What stimulates phosphofructokinase?

A

AMP ( which accumulates when ADP not phosphate binds to to ATP)

58
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

is where a reaction causes a decrease in a function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus to try and bring homeostasis back to equilibrium

59
Q

An example of negative feedback

A

blood glucose levels

60
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

is is a cyclic process that can continue to amplify your body’s response to a stimulus until a negative feedback response takes over

61
Q

An example of positive feedback

A

Blood clotting

62
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment/equilibrium (within physiologically tolerable levels), despite fluctuations in external/internal conditions.

63
Q

What is insulin?

A

is the hormone that is produced by the beta cells in endocrine glands in the pancreas to allow glucose to enter cells

64
Q

What can glucose be used for in a cell?

A

Once glucose has entered the cell it is either used for cellular respiration and cellular work or is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

65
Q

What is glucagon?

A

is the hormone that is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas. It causes the body to break down stored glucose (glycogen) when needed by the body so that blood glucose levels increase.

66
Q

What type of glands are in the Islets of Langerhan?

A

Endocrine (excrete straight into blood)

67
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

is a condition where the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired. This results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood

68
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Diabetes where the body does not produce insulin, as beta cells of pancreas are destroyed, often this is autoimmune, or genetic or through environmental factors

69
Q

Limit for blood glucose level

A

7 mmol/L

70
Q

How many diabetics have type 1

A

5 – 10 % of diabetics, and onset usually occurs in children or adolescents.

71
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Diabetes where the body produces insulin, but receptors are non functional (insulin resistance)

72
Q

How many people have type 2 diabetes

A

Most (>90%) diabetics are Type II, usually adults over the age of 40

73
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

significantly increased hunger

significant weight loss

BIOSCI 107 Part One (12 decks)

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