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LAS101 - Intro to Law > Chapter 3 - Constitutional Law - Terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Constitutional Law - Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

A program under which women and/or minorities are granted special consideration in employment, government contracts, and/or admission to programs of higher education.

A

Affirmative action

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1
Q

The constitution under which the US was governed from 1781 to 1789.

A

Articles of Confederation

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2
Q

Rules of judicial self-restraint articulated by Justice Louis D. Brandeis in a concurring opinion in Ashwander v. TVA.

A

Ashwander rules

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3
Q

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791, concerned primarily with individual rights and liberties.

A

Bill of Rights

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4
Q

a legislative act imposing punishment without trial upon persons deemed guilty of treason or felonies. (Prohibited by US Const.)

A

bills of attainder

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5
Q

Refers to constitutional powers granted each branch of government to prevent one branch from dominating the others.

A

checks and balances

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6
Q

the doctrine that the First Amendment protects expression up to the point that it poses a clear and present danger of bringing about some substantive evil that government has a right to prevent.

A

clear and present danger doctrine

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7
Q

Refers to the efforts by the federal government to use its spending power to induce the states to adopt policies they would not otherwise adopt, such as raiding the legal drinking age to twenty-one

A

coercive federalism

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8
Q

Basically understood to mean that the President would be “first among generals, first among admirals” during a war that Congress declared.

A

commander-in-chief

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9
Q

The requirement that witnesses appear and testify in court or before a legislative committee (Also : subpoena)

A

compulsory process

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10
Q

The requirement that an individual give testimony leading to his or her own criminal conviction. Forbidden by Amendment V.

A

compulsory self-incrimination

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11
Q

A modern approach to American federalism in which powers and functions are shared among national, state and local authorities

A

cooperative federalism

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12
Q

Punishment that shocks the moral conscience of the community, such as torturing or physically beating a prisoner

A

cruel and unusual punishment

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13
Q

Capital punishment; a sentence to death for the commission of a crime

A

death penalty

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14
Q

A tort involving the injury to one’s reputation by the malicious or reckless dissemination of falsehood

A

defamation

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15
Q

The practice of allowing one document to be made part of another by specific reference OR the doctrine in constitutional law that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the provisions of the Bill of Rights and thus makes them applicable to the states.

A

doctrine of incorporation

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16
Q

Doctrine that holds that a court should interpret a constitution based on the intent of those who drafted it

A

doctrine of original intent

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17
Q

The condition of being tried twice for the same criminal offense

A

double jeopardy

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18
Q

A concept of federalism in which the national and state governments exercise authority within separate, self-contained areas of public policy and public administration

A

dual federalism

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19
Q

Procedural and substantive rights of citizens against government actions that threaten the denial of life, liberty or property

A

due process of law

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20
Q

The power of government, or of individuals and corporations authorized to perform public functions, to take private property for public use. The 5th Amendment requires that private property cannot be taken for public use without just compensation.

A

eminent domain

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21
Q

Powers specified in the text of the federal and state constitutions.

A

enumerated powers

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22
Q

Constitutional requirement that the government not engage in prohibited forms of discrimination against persons under its jurisdiction

A

equal protection of the laws

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23
Q

A retroactive law that criminalizes actions that were innocent at the time they were taken or increases punishment for a criminal act after it was committed

A

ex post facto laws

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24
Q

Where a court requires a defendant to post an unreasonably large amount or imposes unreasonable conditions as a prerequisite for a defendant to be released before trial. 8th Amendment prohibits this.

A

excessive bail

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25
Q

Fines that are deemed to be greater than is appropriate for the punishment of a particular crime

A

excessive fines

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26
Q

The power to enforce the law and administer the government

A

executive power

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27
Q

A hearing in a court of law that conforms to standards of procedural justice

A

fair hearing

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28
Q

The requirement stemming from due process that government provide adequate notice to a person before it deprives that person of life, liberty, or property

A

fair notice

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29
Q

Constitutional distribution of government power and responsibility between the national government and the states

A

federalism

30
Q

Utterances that are inherently likely to provoke a violent response from the audience

A

fighting words

31
Q

Sacrifice of ownership or some right (usually property) as a penalty

A

forfeitures

32
Q

Implicit in the 1st Am, the right of people to associate freely without unwarranted interference by government

A

freedom of association

33
Q

A summary term embracing freedom of speech and freedom of the press as well as symbolic speech and expressive conduct.

A

freedom of expression

34
Q

A group of 12 to 23 citizens convened to hear evidence in criminal cases to determine whether indictment is warranted

A

grand jury

35
Q

Laws restricting the manufacture, design, importation, sale or possession of firearms.

A

gun control legislation

36
Q

“You have the body.” A judicial order issued to an official holding someone in custody, requiring the official to bring the prisoner to court for the purpose of allowing the court to determine whether that person is being held legally

A

habeas corpus

37
Q

Unlawful conduct that is about to take place and that is inevitable unless there is intervention by the authorities

A

imminent lawless action

38
Q

A legislative act bringing a charge against a public official that, if proven in a legislative trial, will cause his or her removal from public office OR impugning the credibility of a witness by introducing contradictory evidence or proving his or her bad character

A

impeachment

39
Q

Powers not specifically enumerated by implied by an instrument such as a constitution, statute or contract

A

implied powers

40
Q

A special prosecutor appointed to investigate and, if warranted, prosecute official misconduct

A

independent counsel

41
Q

A formal document handed down by a grand jury accusing one or more persons of the commission of a crime or crimes

A

indictment

42
Q

The intentions of the Framers of the United States Constitution with respect to the meanings of its provisions

A

intentions of the Framers

43
Q

Defined variously, but the underlying philosophy is that judges should exercise power vigorously

A

judicial activism

44
Q

Generally, the review of any issue by a court of law. In American constitutional law, judicial review refers to the authority of a court to invalidate acts of government on constitutional grounds

A

judicial review

45
Q

The idea that judges should exercise the power of judicial review cautiously and should defer to the decisions of the elective branches of government

A

judicial self-restraint

46
Q

The constitutional requirement that a party whose property is taken by government uder the power of eminent domain be justly compensated for the loss, normally at fair market value

A

just compensation

47
Q

The idea that original intent should not control contemporary decision making but that the meaning should evolve according to the “felt necessities” of the times

A

the living Constitution

48
Q

Explicit sexual material that is patently offensive, appeals to a prurient or unnatural interest in sex, and lacks serious scientific, artistic, or literary content.

A

obscenity

49
Q

Refers to the legal responsibility of a legislative body to monitor the activities of government agencies it created

A

oversight

50
Q

Refers to Congress’ ability to pull funding , its most effective means of controlling a President’s ability to sustain a long war effort in the face of public disapproval

A

power of the purse

51
Q

Refers to the power of a legislative body to conduct hearings and subpoena witnesses in order to investigate an issue or are in which it has legislative authority

A

power to investigate

52
Q

A judicial decision cited as authority controlling or influencing the outcome of a similar case

A

precedent

53
Q

The doctrine of constitutional law holding that laws are presumed to be constitutional, with the burden of proof resting on the plaintiff to demonstrate otherwise

A

presumption of constitutionality

54
Q

The release of a defendant pending trial

A

pretrial release

55
Q

An official act preventing publication of a particular work

A

prior restraint

56
Q

The redrawing of legislative district lines so as to remedy malapportionment

A

reapportionment

57
Q

Right to be let alone, that is free from governmental interference

A

right of privacy

58
Q

Right to be represented by an attorney in a court, including the right of an indigent criminal defendant to have court-appointed counsel when subject to incarceration if convicted

A

right to counsel

59
Q

The right of persons who are terminally ill to refuse further medical treatment and be allowed to die

A

right to die

60
Q

Right to posses certain weapons, protected against federal infringement by the 2nd Am.

A

right to keep and bear arms

61
Q

The right of an individual to cast a vote at an election

A

right to vote

62
Q

All of the rights belonging to persons accused of crimes, such as the right to counsel, the right to a fair trial, the right to due process, and so forth.

A

rights of the accused

63
Q

The 1st Am states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The SC has sometimes used a “wall of separation” metaphor, per Thomas Jefferson, to describe the relationship.

A

separation of church and state

64
Q

Constitutional assignment of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to different branches of government

A

separation of powers

65
Q

The right to initiate legal action or challenge based on the fact that one has suffered or is likely to suffer a real and substantial injury

A

standing

66
Q

“To stand by decided matters.” The principle that past decisions should stand as precedents for future decisions. This principle, which stands for the proposition that precedents are binding on later decisions, is said to be followed less rigorously in constitutional law than in other branches of law.

A

stare decisis

67
Q

Discrimination that is endorsed, permitted or backed by the government

A

state-sponsored discrimination

68
Q

Judicial review of government action or policy in which the ordinary presumption of constitutionality is reversed

A

strict judicial scrutiny

69
Q

Doctrine that Due Process Clauses of the 5th and 14th Ams require legislation to be fair and reasonable in content as well as application

A

substantive due process

70
Q

Government limitations on time, place and manner of expressive activities

A

time, place and manner regulations

71
Q

The crime of attempting by overt acts to overthrow the government of of betraying the government to a foreign power

A

treason

72
Q

A trial in which the verdict is determined not by the court but by a jury of the defendant’s peers

A

trial by jury

73
Q

A political system in which all power is vested in one central government

A

unitary system

LAS101 - Intro to Law (34 decks)

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