B and T cell Cytokines

Question 1

What are the two main groups of chemokine

Answer 1

CC = which bind to receptors CCR1 to 9 
CXC = which bind to CXCR1 to 5

Question 2

Chemokine IL-8

Answer 2

its source is from (Micheal makes fucking Klass elephants)
Monocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Keratinocytes 
Endothelial cells 
TARGETS:
- neutrophils
- Naive T cells 
CAUSE:
- angiogenesis 
- activates, mobilises and degranulates neutrophils

Question 3

chemokine IL-2

Answer 3

Sources:
- THO, TH1 and some CTL
Had large impacts in T cells as they stimulate growth (multiplication and expansion in numbers)
- stimulates growth in NK cells

Question 4

Chemokine IL-4

Answer 4

Source:
- TH2 molecules 
Has large impacts on B cells such as:
- Growth
- Activation of IgG1 and IgE
- Increase in MHC II induction 
Also effect T cells by:
- Growth 
- Survival
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SWITCHING

Question 5

Interferon Gamma

Answer 5

Source:
- TH1, CTL
has a large effect on macrophages:
- Activation 
- increase in MHC I and MHC II representation
Causes mass up-regulation

Question 6

tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Answer 6

SOURCE:
- TH1 and TH2 and some CTL
This is a pro-inflammatory which is present in the serum and the joint of people with rheumatoid arthritis

Question 7

IL8

Answer 7

chemotactic factor, recruits neutrophils and T cells to site of infection

Question 8

IL2

Answer 8

activates Tcells, proliferation

Question 9

IL4

Answer 9

activates B cells, switches them to produce

IgE, therefore important in allergy

Question 10

IFN-gamma

Answer 10

activates strong cell mediated responses, eg CTL

Question 11

TNF-alpha

Answer 11

activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability

Question 12

IL1

Answer 12

• pyrogenic
• activates vascular endothelium
• activates lymphocytes
• local tissue destruction
• increases access to effector cells

Question 13

IL12

Answer 13

activates natural killer cells

induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 cells

Question 14

what is diapedesis

Answer 14

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
THIS IS ENCOURAGES BY THE IL8 CHEMOKINE

Question 15

T cells secrete IL-2 that induces self proliferation - describe

Answer 15

the naive T cells express, at first a low affinity for the IL-2 receptor
However once the cell has been activated this then presents a high affinity for the IL2 receptor and itself secretes the IL2 which then binds to the receptors on the surface
- this then sends a signal to the T cells and induces T cell proliferation

Question 16

what are the two types of cd4 cells

Answer 16

TH1: cell mediated immunity
- macrophage activation
- B cell proliferation
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- production of opsonising antibodies such as IgG1
TH2: antibody responses
- general activation of B cells to make antibodies

Question 17

how do TH2 cells activate B cells

Answer 17

the antigen recognition induces expression of CD40 ligand and cytokines by the TH2 cell, this then activates the B cell which leads to proliferation and differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells

Question 18

dendritic cells

Answer 18

thee are located at the interface between the innate and the adaptive immune response
these are found on the surface f most surface epithelia
- these are highly phagocytic as their role is to sample the external environment and once they are stimulated the cease phagocytosis and migrate to lymph nodes
the main names I must know them by are:
- langherans cells in the skin
- follicular dendritic cells FDC
- when they migrate in to the circulation they are known as veiled cells

Question 19

when the dendrtiic cells are in the lymph nodes then what do they do

Answer 19

• recruiting B cells they enter the lymph organs through high endothelial venules
• the antigen specific B cells are trapped by the antigen specific TH2 cells and are stimulated to proliferate
• B cells migrate to the medulla and differentiate into plasma cell
• then antigen complexes bind to FDC
• a few activated B cells migrate into a nearby follicle forming a germinal centre where rapid proliferation and somatic mutation occur
• mutated B cells that retain the capacity to bind antigen on follicular dendritic cells survive whereas other die
• activated B cells producing high-affinity Ig migrate in blood and becomes plasma cells in the bone marrow

Question 20

once the FDC is bound to the antigen what happens

Answer 20

these can hold them for an extended period of time, possibly days.
This antigen. is in the form of antigen-antibody-complement complexes
- these are bound to the Fc and complement receptors on the FDC surface

Question 21

what is the differences between immature and mature dendritic cells

Answer 21

immature = expresses molecules
mature = expresses more molecules

Question 22

what systems allow the recognition of non-self antigens

Answer 22

Pattern recognition receptors

Toll-like receptor family

Question 23

TLR4

Answer 23

Lipopolysaccharide, heat shock proteins