Lecture 1 (Part 2)

Question 1

Chemical level of organisation

Answer 1

Building blocks of the body (molecules and atoms; ie. O and H)

Question 2

Cellular level of organisation

Answer 2

Basic structural and functional unit of the body (ie. cardiac muscle cell)

Question 3

Tissue level of organisation

Answer 3

Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function (ie. cardiac muscle)

Question 4

Organ level of organisation

Answer 4

Structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissues

Question 5

System level of organisation

Answer 5

consists of related organs with a common function

Question 6

Function of epidermis

Answer 6

Covers surfaces and deeper tissues; Vit D production in stratum basale (primarily) and stratum spinosum. Avascular, no lymphatic vessels; has nerves

Question 7

Function of dermis

Answer 7

Feeds epidermis; strength; has glands (upper papillary and lower reticular layers). Has vessels and nerves

Question 8

sebaceous gland function

Answer 8

lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

removes waste

Question 9

hair follicles function

Answer 9

contain hair; sensation from innervation; protection

Question 10

Nails function

Answer 10

stiffen and protect digits

Question 11

sweat gland function

Answer 11

thermoregulation via evaporative cooling

mammary glands are modified breast tissue

Question 12

Sensory receptors function

Answer 12

detect sensation; touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Question 13

hypodermis function

Answer 13

attaches skin to deeper layers

fat storage

Question 14

Function of skeletal muscles (as a whole)

Answer 14

skeletal movement, control entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems, produces heat (shivering), support the skeleton, protect soft tissues

Question 15

axial skeletal muscles

Answer 15

support and positioning of axial skeleton

Question 16

function of tendons and aponeuroses

Answer 16

translate contractile forces intp tasks

Question 17

Axial skeleton function

Answer 17

(skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx, supporting ligaments and cartilage)

Protect brain, SC, soft tissues and thorax, protect sense organs, support body weight and lower limbs

Question 18

Appendicular skeleton function

Answer 18

(limbs and associated ligaments and cartilage)

Internal support and positioning of external limbs, supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

Question 19

red bone marrow

Answer 19

RBC production in flat bones (skull, pelvis, sternum, ribs) decreases with age.

Question 20

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 20

Fat cells stores in medullary cavity. Increases with age but can turn into RBM if severe bleeding

Question 21

CNS function

Answer 21

control centre; short term control over other systems

Question 22

Brain function

Answer 22

complex integrative activities, control both voluntary and involuntary responses

Question 23

SC function

Answer 23

relays info to and from the brain, performs less complex integrative functions (reflex arc)

Question 24

Special sense

Answer 24

Part of both CNS and PNs (except of optic nerve only part of CNS); provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium

Question 25

PNS function

Answer 25

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

Question 26

Pineal gland function

Answer 26

Day and night rhythms

Question 27

Hypothalamus?Pituitary function

Answer 27

control many endocrine glands

regulates growth and fluid balance

Question 28

Thyroid gland function

Answer 28

Metabolic rate regulation, controls calcium levels

Question 29

Thymus

Answer 29

maturation of (T) lymphocytes

Question 30

Adrenal glands

Answer 30

situated on top of kidneys

• aldosterone: water and mineral balance
• cortisol: tissue metabolism
• adrenaline: cardio and respiratory function

Question 31

Kidneys function

Answer 31

assists in RBC productions through EPO release, can increase blood pressure and volume, calcium levels regulation

Question 32

Pancreas function

Answer 32

glucose homeostasis in the blood (insulin and glucagon release; islets of Langerheim)

Question 33

Gonads function

Answer 33

sexual characteristics and reproduction