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Microbiology > Virulence > Flashcards

Virulence Flashcards

1
Q

what is mutualism?

A

both members benefit and may need each other to survive

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2
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one benefits without affecting the other

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3
Q

what is parasitism?

A

parasite benefits but harms the host

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4
Q

what type of organism shows mutualistic and commensal relations?

A

normal flora which counts for 400-1000 different types

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5
Q

what is resident microbiota?

A

most personal, specifically adapted to live in the body and main function is to out compete foreign bacteria

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6
Q

what is transient microbiota?

A

only stay for hours to months due to competition and elimination via the immune system and chemical changes in the body

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7
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

cause disease under certain circumstances

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8
Q

what things may cause opportunistic pathogens to cause disease?

A

immune suppression, changes to normal microbiota such as antibiotics or being in the wrong location

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9
Q

where are resident microbiota present?

A

upper respiratory tract, upper and lower digestive tract, urinary and reproductive system and the skin and eyes

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10
Q

why are resident microbiota present in the nose?

A

coolest part of the respiratory tract so has some unique bacteria

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11
Q

what type of microbe are resident microbiota?

A

usually strict anaerobes but can be facultative anaerobes

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12
Q

what prevents colonisation of the urethra?

A

urine flow

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13
Q

what causes the foetus to be free if microbiota?

A

the amniotic fluid and mothers immunity

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14
Q

how do the mouth and nose of a baby gain microbiota?

A

from the birth canal

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15
Q

how does a baby gain microbiota in the intestine?

A

from their first meal

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16
Q

how does a baby gain microbiota on their skin?

A

contact with nurses and doctors

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17
Q

how long does it take to gain all resident microbiota?

A

the first few months of life

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18
Q

what are virulence factors?

A

traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to adhere and gain access to nutrients and escape immune system

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19
Q

what are the stages of infection?

A

exposure, adherence to skin or mucosa, invasion through epithelium, colonization and growth and tissue damage and disease

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20
Q

how can a pathogen enter the body?

A

broken skin, ear, insect bite, nose, mouth, placenta, vagina, anus or urethra

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21
Q

what is the main portal of entry?

A

mucous membrane

22
Q

how do microbes adhere to mucous membranes?

A

using ligands and adhesins

23
Q

what are ligands?

A

surface lipoprotein or glycoprotein that bonds to host cells receptors

24
Q

what are adhesins?

A

the bacterial equivalent to ligands

25
Q

where are adhesins found?

A

in fimbriae and flagella

26
Q

how is a biofilm formed?

A

microbe adheres and some bacteria colonise forming a biofilm

27
Q

what is invasion?

A

the use of extracellular enzymes to degrade the membrane

28
Q

what are the two types of toxins?

A

exotoxin and endotoxin

29
Q

what are the two types of extracellular enzymes?

A

hyaluronidase and coagulase and kinase

30
Q

what is the action of coagulase and kinase?

A

bacteria produce coagulase which causes the formation of a clot and then the bacteria later produce kinase which dissolves the clot and releases the bacteria

31
Q

how does hyaluronidase and collagenase work?

A

bacteria reaches epithelial surface and produce these enzymes to invade deeper inside tissues

32
Q

what is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

exotoxin is secreted but endotoxin is part of the bacterial cell wall

33
Q

what are examples of some exotoxins?

A

cytotoxin

34
Q

how do exotoxins work?

A

bacteria secrete an exotoxin which then kills the host cells

35
Q

how do endotoxins work?

A

dead gram-negative bacteria release lipid A which induces the effects of disease and blood coagulation

36
Q

what are antiphagocytic capsules?

A

layer of polysaccharide around the bacterial cell

37
Q

what are the antiphagocytic factors?

A

capsules and antiphagocytic chemicals

38
Q

what virulence factor is associated with adherence?

A

adhesins and biofilms

39
Q

what virulence factor is associated with invasion?

A

extracellular enzymes ans toxins

40
Q

what virulence factor is associated with colonisation and growth?

A

capsules and anti-phagocytic chemicals

41
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

group of symptoms and signs

42
Q

what are the periods of infection?

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline and convalescence

43
Q

what is the incubation period?

A

no signs or symptoms shown

44
Q

what things effect the length of the incubation period?

A

virulence, dose, host immunity, site of infection

45
Q

what is the prodromal period?

A

short time that has generalised mild symptoms such as malaise and muscle aches

46
Q

do all cases have the prodromal period?

A

no

47
Q

what is the illness period?

A

most severe stage where symptoms are most evident and the immune system has not fully responded

48
Q

what is the decline stage?

A

the patients body returns to normal, the immune response vanquishes the pathogen, symptoms subside and immune response peaks

49
Q

what is convalescence?

A

patient recovers and tissue repairs

50
Q

what does the covalescence length depend on?

A

amount of damage, nature of pathogen, site of infection, overall wellbeing of patient

Microbiology (11 decks)

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