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Microbiology > Transmission > Flashcards

Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

how is chicken pox transmitted?

A

through skin to skin contact

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2
Q

how is the plague spread?

A

through flea bites and via URT

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3
Q

how is TB spread?

A

through feacal matter

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4
Q

how is glandular fever spread?

A

through genital secretions or transfer of saliva

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5
Q

how is cholera spread?

A

unsafe water and contaminated food

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6
Q

how is anthrax spread?

A

contact with spores in infectious animal products

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7
Q

how is giardiasis spread?

A

via ingestion of contaminated food or water

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8
Q

what is the first line of defence?

A

non-specific defences against a pathogen

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9
Q

what is second line of defence?

A

defences specific for bacteria or viruses

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10
Q

what is the third line of defence?

A

defences specific to a pathogen

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11
Q

what are innate defences?

A

mechanical barriers and phagocytes

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12
Q

what causes the inflammatory response?

A

invasion and local multiplication

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of the first line of defence?

A

present at all times, non-specific, physical and chemical and uses commensal flora

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14
Q

what does lysosome do?

A

present in tears and dissolves cell walls

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15
Q

what does the skin do to protect?

A

acts as a physical barrier and produces antimicrobial fatty acids to prevent colonisation

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the second line of defence?

A

to localise the infection, neutralise toxins and repair damaged tissue

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17
Q

what line of defence is phagocytosis?

A

second

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18
Q

what are the 5 cardinal symptoms of acute inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

19
Q

what is involved in the third line of defence?

A

antibody and cell mediated immunity

20
Q

what is the infection cycle?

A

portal of entry into host 1, portal of exit into host 2

21
Q

what 3 factors does transmission depend on?

A

number of microorganisms shed, the stability in the environment and number of microorganisms infecting the new host

22
Q

what is the infective dose?

A

the number of microorganisms that infect the new host

23
Q

what are some examples of portal of exit?

A

ear wax, broken skin, faeces, saliva, urethra

24
Q

why is a reservoir of infection important?

A

allows a disease to persist in a community as it gives a continual source of organisms

25
Q

what diseases have human reservoirs?

A

AIDS, diphtheria, hep B and gonorrhoea

26
Q

what diseases have animal reservoirs?

A

rabies

27
Q

what are some examples of non-living reservoirs?

A

soil and water

28
Q

what type of diseases are usually spread via contaminated water?

A

mostly GI diseases

29
Q

what is crossing of the species barrier?

A

when one species infects another

30
Q

what are the inanimate reservoirs?

A

soil, air, water and food

31
Q

what is direct contact transmission?

A

skin-skin contact

32
Q

what diseases are spread by direct contact?

A

syphilis, herpes and gonorrhoea

33
Q

what is indirect contact transmission?

A

spread from one host to another using fomites

34
Q

what is droplet transmission?

A

contact of less than 1 metre

35
Q

what is veneral transmission?

A

sexually transmitted diseases

36
Q

what kinds of diseases are transmitted through skin?

A

warts, fungal infections and staph infections

37
Q

what is horizontal transmission?

A

exponential spread, helped by crowded situations

38
Q

what is vertical spread?

A

spread from mother to baby via childbirth or breast milk

39
Q

what is vehicle transmission?

A

airborne, water borne or food borne transmission

40
Q

what diseases are air borne?

A

influenza, TB and chickenpox

41
Q

what diseases are water borne?

A

cholera

42
Q

what diseases are food borne?

A

hepatitis, food poisoning and typhoid fever

43
Q

what is a biological vector?

A

vector acts as a host for the multiplication of the pathogen, involves the life cycle

44
Q

what is a mechanical vector?

A

insects carry the pathogen passively

Microbiology (11 decks)

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