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LCRS 2 > Thalamus and Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the thalamus found within the brain?

A

It is right in the middle the brain just under the posterior half of the corpus callosum

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2
Q

What separates the two halves of the thalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

Some people have a bridge connecting the two halves

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3
Q

Describe the connections of the thalamus with the forebrain.

A

Each half of the thalamus has ipsilateral connections with the forebrain

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4
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

It is a relay centre between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the CNS

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5
Q

What is the only function that is not represented within the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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6
Q

Describe how thalamic nuclei are named.

A

They are named based on their location within the thalamus

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7
Q

What is the classification of thalamic nuclei based on and what are the four different classes?

A

The classification is based on the connections of the thalamic nuclei with the cortex
SPECIFIC – connected to primary cortical areas
ASSOCIATION – connected to association cortex
INTRALAMINAR – connected to ALL cortical areas
RETICULAR –not connected to the cortex only other thalamic nuceli

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8
Q

Which nuclei connect with the motor cortex (primary, premotorand supplementary)?

A

Ventral lateral

Ventral anterior

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9
Q

Which nuclei relay sensory information from different parts of the body?

A

Head – Ventral posteromedial

Below the neck – Ventral posterolateral

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10
Q

Describe how the reticular nuclei affect cortical activity.

A

The reticular nuclei don’t have any direct connections with the cortex but they do have widespread intrathalamic connections with all other thalamic nuclei so it can influence the flow of information from the othernuclei to the cortex

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11
Q

What is the core of grey matter that runs through the brainstem and is involved in the reticular activating system?

A

Reticular formation

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12
Q

How do the intralaminar nuclei modulate the activity of the cortex?

A

The reticular formation projects up to the thalamus to the intralaminar nuclei and the intralaminar nuclei, because of their diffuse cortical projections, can modulate the activity of the cortex

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13
Q

Describe the location and structure of the hypothalamus.

A

The hypothalamus is just below the thalamus and is divided by the 3rd ventricle
It also has ipsilateral connections with the forebrain

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14
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in maintaining homeostasis- parts of brain it regulates?

A

It coordinates these different mechanisms to maintain homeostasis:
 Autonomic nervous system
 Endocrine system
 Behaviour

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15
Q

State some forebrain structures that the hypothalamus has very close connections with

A

Olfactory system

Limbic system

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16
Q

List some structures of the limbic system.

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate Cortex
Septal Nuclei

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17
Q

What does the behavioural control exerted by the hypothalamus include?

A 
Eating and drinking  
Expression of emotion 
Sexual behaviour  
Circadian rhythm  
Memory
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18
Q

Which nucleus is involved in the circadian rhythm?

A

Subrachiasmatic nucleus

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19
Q

How is our behaviour directed towards homeostatic goals?

A

There is a pleasure centre within the limbic system, which, whenever you’ve achieved homeostasis (e.g. eating food when you’re hungry), the activity of the pleasure centre increases

20
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of hypothalamic tumour?

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Absent menses

21
Q

What are some later symptoms of hypothalamic tumour?

A 
Labile emotions, rage  
Inappropriate sexual behaviour  
Memory lapses  
Temperature fluctuation  
Thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonadal function decreases  
Hyperphagia
22
Q

Loss of neurones in intralaminar nuclei can lead to what

A

Parkinson’s

Progressive supranuclear palsy

23
Q

Where are reticular nucleus?

A

Outer covering of the thalamus

24
Q

Chemical property of reticular nuclei

A

Mainly GAGAergic so inhibitory

25
Q

Role of reticular nuclei

A

Relieve collaterals of other thalamic nuclei axons and have negative feedback effect

26
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A set of interconnected pathways in the brain stem which have ascending projections to forebrain nuclei

27
Q

Name of ascending reticular formation projections to forebrain

A

Ascending Reticular activating system

28
Q

Role of reticular formation

A

Involved in conciousness and arousal

Levels wakefulness directly proportional to ARAS activity

29
Q

What nuclei receive inputs from ARAS

A

Intralaminar and reticular

30
Q

What is the hypothalamus made up of?

A

Large collection of individual nuclei with distinct functions

31
Q

4fs function of hypothalamus

A

Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Mating

32
Q

What does hypothalamus have direct connections with

A

ANS

33
Q

Where are neurones found with direct projections to pre-autonomic neurones?

A

Paraventricular nuclei at the top of 3rd ventricle in wing shaped part

34
Q

Where do paraventricular nucleus neurones project

A

Parvocellular nuclei to spinal chord for ANS

Magnocellular nuclei to PPG for vasopressin and oxytocin release

35
Q

What else can have impact on feeding behaviour in PVN?

A

Many other hypothalamic nuclei

36
Q

Role of suprachiasmaticc nuclei

A

Role in circadian rhythms so sleep wake cycles according to environmental light

37
Q

Role of melatonin

A

Hormone regulating sleep wake cycles

Released by pineal gland

38
Q

Pathway for melatonin release

A

Light enters eye and detected by melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells-> suprachiasmatic nuclei -> PVN-> interomediolateral column-> superior cervical ganglion-> pineal gland

39
Q

Chemical properties of intralaminar neuclei

A

Mainly glutamergic

40
Q

Function of lateral hypothalmaic nuclei

A

Promotes sleep

41
Q

Function of preoptic nuclei

A

Promotes wakefulness

42
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Movement

43
Q

Hippocampus role

A

Memory

44
Q

Amygdala functions

A

Emotions

45
Q

Where is hippocampus?

A

Floor of ventricle in temporal lobe

46
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Anterior part of temporal lobe

47
Q

Where do intralaminar nuclei project to?

A

Mainly medial temporal lobe structures -Hippocampus and amygdala

LCRS 2 (44 decks)

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