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Biology 1407 > Chapter 41 Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

In animals diet provides

A
  • Chemical energy
  • organic building bocks (organic carbon and nitrogen)
  • essential nutrients (must have, cannot make themselves)
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2
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrients?

A
  • essential amino acids
  • essential fatty acid
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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3
Q

Can the body make essential nutrients?

A

No

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4
Q

Animals require how many amino acids?

A

20

Can synthesize About half from molecules in their diet

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5
Q

___________ amino acids must be obtained from food in preassembled form

“__________” proteins provide all amino acids
Ex: eggs, meat, cheese

A

Essential

Complete

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6
Q

Vitamins are __________molecules required in the diet in Small amounts

How many vitamins are essential for humans?

A

Organic

13,
two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble

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7
Q

Minerals are simple __________ nutrients, usually required in small amounts

A

Inorganic

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8
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D that may lead to a condition of weakening and softening of the bones brought on by extreme calcium loss

A

Rickets

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9
Q

Malnourishment produced by severe protein deficiency

A

kwashiorkor disease

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10
Q

Long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients

A

Malnourishment

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11
Q

Results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A

Undernutrition

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12
Q

Neural tube defect‘s were found to be the result in a deficiency in ___________ In pregnant mothers

A

Folic acid, vitamin B9

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13
Q

What are the main stages of food processing?

A
  • ingestion is the act of eating
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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14
Q

What are the four main feeding mechanisms of animals?

A
  • suspension feeders (many are aquatic line whales)
  • substrate feeders (Live in or on their food source)
  • fluid feeders
  • bulk feeders (humans)
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15
Q

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

A

Digestion

  • mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis)*
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16
Q

The uptake of nutrients by body cells

A

Absorption

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17
Q
  • type of digestion were food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis
  • food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes*
A

Intracellular digestion

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18
Q

The breakdown of food particles outside of cells

Occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body

A

Extracellular digestion

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19
Q

Animals with simple body plans have a __________ that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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20
Q

A complete digestive track with two openings. Mouth and anus.

It can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion

A

Alimentary canal

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21
Q
  • pushes food along

- rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the canal

A

Peristalsis

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22
Q

Please regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

Sphincters (valves)

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23
Q

Initiates digestion of carbohydrates/polymers of glucose

Occurs in the oral cavity, found in saliva

A

Salivary amylase

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24
Q

Two components of saliva?

A
  • salivary amylase

- Mucus (A viscous mixture of water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins)

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25
Q

The combination of saliva and food is called…

A

Bolus

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26
Q

Junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

A

Pharynx (throat)

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27
Q

Swallowing is a reflex action where the soft palate closes of the ___________.
Trachea moves up causing the ____________ to cover the glottis.

A

Nasopharynx

Epiglottis

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28
Q

What covers the opening to the windpipe when swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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29
Q

When does coughing occur?

A

When The epiglottis fails to close off the windpipe

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30
Q

What allows food to enter the stomach?

A

Esophageal sphincter

31
Q
  • a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
  • usually collapsed except when swallowing when it receives the bolus
  • peristalsis rhythmic contractions
A

Esophagus

32
Q

What is the end product of the stomach?

A

Chyme

33
Q

Gastric juice has a low pH of about two and kills bacteria and denatures proteins

What is gastric juice composed of?

A
  • hydrochloric acid (HCL)
  • pepsin
    • protease
34
Q

Protein digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

A

Protease

35
Q

Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach

A

Parietal cells

36
Q

-secrete inactive pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

37
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

What is pepsinogen converted to?

A

Hydrochloric acid

Pepsin

  • pepsin activates more pepsinogen*
38
Q
  • largest section of the elementary canal

- major organ of digestion and absorption

A

Small intestine

39
Q

protein digestion starts In the….

A

Stomach

40
Q

The first portion of the small intestine is where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices

  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • Small intestine
A

Duodenum

41
Q

The pancreas has endocrine and ___________ functions

A

Exocrine

42
Q

(Exocrine) pancreas produces…

Sodium bicarbonate:
Pancreatic amylase:
Trypsin and chymotrypsin: 
    -protease activated in the lumen of the       stomach 
Lipase:

nuclease:

A

Neutralize stomach acid

Digest starch

Protein digestion

Digest fat

Break down nucleic acids

43
Q
  • largest gland
  • produces bile
  • aids in digestion and absorption of fats in small intestine
  • destroys nonfunctional red blood cells
  • aids in detoxification
A

Liver

44
Q

The epithelial lining of the ___________ produces several digestive enzymes

***most digestion occurs here

A

Duodenum

45
Q

The ___________ and __________ mainly function in absorption of nutrients and water

A

Jejunum and ileum

46
Q

____________ surface creates a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

A

Microvilli

47
Q

Villi contains:

A

-blood capillaries for nutrient absorption
•sugars and amino acids
•glycerol and fatty acids

48
Q

The Hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood to the…

A

Liver

49
Q

Epithelial cells absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombine them into ____________

A

Triglycerides

50
Q

small fat globule composed of protein and lipid (fat). are found in the blood and lymphatic fluid where they serve to transport fat from its port of entry in the intestine to the liver and to adipose (fat) tissue.

A

Chylomicrons

51
Q

Chylomixrons

  • what is the composition?
  • how are they transported?
A

Fat surrounded phospholipids

Carried by lymph

52
Q
  • part of the large intestine
  • connects where the small and large intestine meet
  • aids in the fermentation of pant material Appendix-extension that plays a minor role in immunity
A

Cecum

53
Q
  • connected to the small intestine

- ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon enters the rectum

A

Colon

54
Q
  • contains the cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
  • absorbs water, salt, and some vitamins
  • stores indigestible materials until it can be eliminated
A

Large intestine

55
Q

A major function of the _________ is the recovery of water that has entered the alimentary canal

Houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material some produce vitamins

A

Colon

56
Q

Many __________ have large, expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

57
Q

Why do you herbivores and omnivores generally have longer alimentary canal’s then carnivores?

A

More time and surface area for digestion/ absorption of plant matter because it is harder to digest

58
Q

Many herbivores have ______________, where mutualistic organisms digest cellulose

The most elaborate adaptations for an herbivores diet have evolved in the animals called ___________

A

Fermentation chambers

Ruminants

59
Q

In animals that break down additional nutrients in the large intestine will later feed on feces to retrieve these nutrients
Ex: rabbits

A

coprophagy

60
Q

the ________ division of the nervous system and the endocrine system helps to regulate The digestive process

A

Enteric

61
Q

When the stomach stretches, what is released?

What does it do?

A

Gastrin

Released in bloodstream, then activates receptors in the stomach to Stimulates gastric juices

62
Q

In humans, energy is stored first in the ________ and __________ cells in the polymer glycogen

Excess energy is stored in __________ tissue, The most space efficient storage tissue

A

Liver and muscle

Adipose

63
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum, it responds by releasing two hormones….

What do they do?

A

CCK and secretin

CCK-stimulates the release of digestive enzymes

Secretin-stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate

64
Q

It’s chyme is rich in fats, high levels of ________ and _________ act on the stomach and inhibit peristalsis to slow digestion down

A

CCK, secretin

65
Q

CCK stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the __________ and the _________.

A

Gallbladder and pancreas

66
Q

The _______ is the site for glucose homeostasis

A

Liver

67
Q

A carbohydrate rich meal raises insulin levels, which triggers the synthesis of ________

A

Glycogen

68
Q

Low blood sugar causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of _________ and release ________.

A

Glycogen, glucose

69
Q

In the pancreas,

_______ cells secrete insulin
_______ cells secrete glucagon

A

Beta

Alpha

70
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes is known as type ____. This is an autoimmune disorder. Immune system destroys the beta cells.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is known as type _____. The target cells do not respond to insulin.

A

1

2

71
Q
  1. -One of the signals that triggers the feeling of hunger

- secreted by the stomach wall

A

Ghrelin

72
Q

2._____________ acts on the brain to suppress appetite

A

Insulin

73
Q
  1. -produced by adipose tissue that also suppresses appetite

- if fat levels decrease, this also decreases so that appetite can increase

A

Leptin

74
Q
  1. Secreted by small intestine after meals, acts as an appetite suppressant counteracts ghrelin.
A

PPY

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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