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Biology 1407 > Chapter 45 Hormones And The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Hormones And The Endocrine System Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

The ways that signals are transmitted between and classified by…what two criteria?

A
  • the type of secreting cell

- The route taken by the signal in reaching its Target

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2
Q

____________ signaling maintains homeostasis, mediate responses to stimuli, regulates Growth and development.

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

What are the two types of local regulators?

A

Paracrine and endocrine signaling

Local regulators act by diffusing very short distances to reach target cells

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4
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cell that secretes them.

A

Autocrine

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6
Q

In ____________ signaling, secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

In _____________ signaling, Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, or glands).

A

Synaptic

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8
Q

In ______________ signaling, neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

A

Nueroendocrine

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9
Q

Endocrine cells group together in ductless organs

Secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid

A

Endocrine glands

Ex:ovaries and stomach

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10
Q

Ducts in which secrete substances onto body surfaces or into cavities

A

Exocrine glands

Ex:pancreas is both!

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11
Q

cells that communicate in the immune system

A

cytocines

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12
Q

what are the chemical classes of hormones? the three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates. which are water-soluble? which are lipid-soluble?

A
  • polypeptides (proteins and peptides) (water-soluble)
  • amines derived from amino acids (majority are water-soluble)
  • steroid hormones (lipid-soluble)
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13
Q

_________ are secreted molecules that link neighboring cells or directly regulate the secreting cell

A

local regulators

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14
Q

what are the types of local regulators?

A
  • cytocines and growth factor
  • nitric oxide (helps with vasodilation)
  • prostaglandins (involved in pain response)
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15
Q

what type of hormones involves a signaling transduction pathway?

A

water-soluble hormones

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16
Q

__________ hormones pass easily through cell membranes

A

lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones)

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17
Q

__________ hormones do not pass easily through the cell membranes. The receptors are on the plasma membrane.

A

water-soluble hormones

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18
Q
  • secreted by exocytosis
  • travel freely in the bloodstream
  • bind to cell-surface receptors
A

water-soluble hormones

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19
Q
  • diffuse across cell membranes
  • travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • diffuse through the membrane of target cells
A

lipid-soluble hormones

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20
Q
  • water-soluble
  • has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress
  • binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells
  • releases glucose into the bloodstream
21
Q

________ hormoens act via signal transcution pathways.

Study These Flashcards
A

non-steroid

steroid hormones do not!

22
Q

the response to a lipid-soluble hormone is usually a change in….
and where do they bind?

Study These Flashcards
A

gene expression

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

23
Q

the same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have …

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A
  • different receptors for the hormone

- different signal transduction pathways

24
Q

stimulus—> hormones are released from an endocrine cell —-> travel through the bloodstream —->interact with specific receptors with a target cell to cause a physiological response

Study These Flashcards
A

simple hormone pathways

25
the release of acidic contents of the stomach into the duodenum ---> stimulates endocrine cells there to secrete secretin ---> target cells in the pancreas, ---> raise the pH in the duodenum
simple endocrine pathway
26
stimulus ---> received by a sensory neuron ---> stimulates a neurosecretory cell ---> secretes a neurohormone --> enters the bloodstream ----> travels to target cells
neuroendocrine pathway | the hypothalamus has neurosecretory cells called a neurohormone when reaches target
27
the pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets the ______ cells produce glucagon and the _____ cells produce insulin.
alpha, beta
28
- Extention of the hypothalamus | - stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
29
what hormones is the posterior pituitary responsible for?
ADH and oxytocin ***
30
- endocrine gland makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus - trophic hormones - endocrine gland on its own
anterior pituitary
31
what hormones is the anterior pituitary responsible for?
prolactin, FSH, LH, etc.
32
do not regulate endocrine cells or glands
nontropic
33
- regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands - stimulate activity of male and female gonads (FSH, LH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - TSH
tropic
34
two hormones released from the posterior pituitary act directly on nonendocrine tissues...
- oxytocin | - ADH
35
this is from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete prolactin
prolactin-releasing hormone (PRL)
36
the release of thyroid hormone results from a _____________ pathway.
hormone cascade hypothalamus to anterior pituitary, thyroid gland
37
explain the thyroid hormone cascade
- thyroid hormone levels drop - the hypothalamus secretes TRH into the blood. vessels carry TRH to anterior pituitary - anterior pituitary secrets TSH - TSH stimulates endocrine cells in thyroid gland to secrete T4 and T3 - thyroid level return to normal - thyroid hormone blocks TRH and TSH release
38
what atoms do T3 and T4 have?
iodine
39
caused by autoimmunity, is typified by protruding eyes, too much TSH is produced, goiters are typically seen also
Graves disease
40
what causes goiters?
iodine deficiency
41
is growth hormone tropic or nontropic?
Both! tropic- liver (major target)----IGFs-----stimulate bone and cartilage growth nontropic- diverse metablic effects (raise glucose)
42
endocrine signaling regulates...
- homeostasis - development - behavior
43
this stimulates calcium release from the bones to increase blood calcium
parathyroid hormone
44
released by the thyroid gland to decrease levels of calcium, it stimulates deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys
calcitonin
45
two glands of the adrenals
``` -adrenal medulla (neuro) adrenal cortex (has true endocrine cells) ```
46
- made from the adrenal medulla - includes epinephrine and norepinephrine that both function as neurotransmitters - secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system* increases energy by the liver and skeletal muscles, increases stroke volume and HR
catecholamine
47
- in response to stress - triggered by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary ( ACTH) (tropic hormones) what are the two categories?
corticosteroids glucocorticoids (breakdown protein for fuel in the muscles), immune system mineralocorticoids (maintain salt and water balance) ex: aldosterone hypothalamus ----> anterior pituitary ---> to realease ACTH ----> adrenal cortex
48
what controls sex hormones in the gonads?
FSH and LH
49
what secretes melatonin?
the pineal gland

Biology 1407 (22 decks)

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