Lecture 2- CVS anatomy

Question 1

outline the cardiac cycle

Answer 1

1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart via the right atria.
2. When the pressure is sufficient the tricuspid valve opens and the blood enters the right ventricle
3. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve
4. Blood pumped to the lungs and oxygenated
5. Oxygenated blood returned to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atria
6. When the pressure in the left atria exceed that of the ventricles, the mitral valve (bicuspid) opens and allows blood to flow into the left ventricle
7. This blood is ejected out of the left ventricle via the aortic valve and into the aorta
8. Once in the aorta the oxygenated blood is pumped to both superior (above the heart) and inferior tissue (below the heart)
9. Tissue uses up oxygen during respiration
10. Deoxygenated blood full of CO2 is then returned to the heart via the inferior and superior vena cava into the right ventricle

Question 2

methods of cardiac imaging

Answer 2

• X-ray (not great because soft tissue - Ultrasound (echocardiogram) - Cardiac MRI - CT (recommended)

Question 3

MRI is the best at

Answer 3

looking at soft tissue (especially if contrast enhanced)

Question 4

CT scan are great for

Answer 4

visualising bone and vasculature

Question 5

Arterio-venous structure/ connections

Answer 5

Arteries —> capillaries —> veins (return to heart to be oxygenated by the lungs)

Question 6

layers of the blood vessels (outside to inside)

Answer 6

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima, basement membrane

Question 7

features of large arteries

Answer 7

elastic e.g. aorta

Question 8

medium arteries

Answer 8

distributing– muscular

Question 9

small arteries

Answer 9

arterioles- resistance vessels control blood pressure

Question 10

features of veins

Answer 10

have valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow

Question 11

deeper veins run through

Answer 11

muscle- helps venous return- squeezing the veins

Question 12

left side of the heart has

Answer 12

much thicker muscle layer–> needs to pump with greater foce

Question 13

where is pressure lowest in the heart

Answer 13

the right atrium (0-8)

Question 14

where is prevue greater

Answer 14

the aorta (110-130)/ (70-80)

Question 15

role of chordae tendineae and papillary muscle

Answer 15

The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction).

Question 16

cardiac output =

Answer 16

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 17

CO for 70kg man

Answer 17

5l/ min

Question 18

HR for 70kg man

Answer 18

60-90 bpm

Question 19

stroke volume for 70kg man

Answer 19

55-83ml/ beat

Question 20

during exercise CO goes up to

Answer 20

20-35l/min

Question 21

during exercise HR goes up to

Answer 21

150-200bpm

Question 22

during exercise SV goes up to

Answer 22

200ml/min

Question 23

the aorta needs to be able to

Answer 23

accommodate stroke volume–> stretches and then squeezes blood around the aorta

Question 24

oxygenated blood supplies the heart via

Answer 24

coronary arteries (left and right) which branch off from the bottom of the aorta

Question 25

aortic pressure lowest

Answer 25

at the beginning of the cardiac cycle- atrial filling

Question 26

aortic pressure highest

Answer 26

during ventricular ejection

Question 27

dicrotic notch

Answer 27

blip when the aortic valve closes

Question 28

thickening of the pericardium due to

Answer 28

calcification (can be global)

Question 29

thickens of the pericardium mean

Answer 29

cardiac chambers cannot expand obstruct venous return pulmonary hypertension

Question 30

layers of the heart

Answer 30

epicardium (outer wall) myocardium (middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and responsible for heart contracting) endocardium (smooth inner surface oft he heart chambers)

Question 31

pectinate muscle

Answer 31

muscular ridges in auricles and right atria wall

Question 32

trabecular carneae

Answer 32

muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles

Question 33

right atrioventricular valve

Answer 33

tricuspid

Question 34

left atrioventricular valve

Answer 34

mitral (bicuspid)

Question 35

during diastole atrioventricular valves are

Answer 35

open allowing blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles

Question 36

during systole atrioventricular valves are

Answer 36

closed allowing blood to flow to the lungs and the rest of the body preventing back flow

Question 37

Transoesophageal echocardiography

Answer 37

Unlike a standard echocardiogram, the echo transducer that produces the sound waves for TEE is attached to a thin tube that passes through your mouth, down your throat and into your esophagus. Because the esophagus is so close to the upper chambers of the heart, very clear images of those heart structures and valves can be obtained.