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MCDone > Parasitic Infections > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Define parasite.

A

An organism living in or on a host and dependent on the host for nutrition – causing damage

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2
Q

What is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite?

A

Endoparasite – exist INSIDE the host

Ectoparasite – exist on the host

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3
Q

What are the two groups of endoparasites?

A

Protozoa

Metazoa

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4
Q

State the classes of organisms within the two groups of endoparasites.

A 
Protozoa  
 Amoeba
 Coccidia
 Ciliates
 Flagellates 
Metazoa 
 Roundworms
 Flatworms
 Flukes
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5
Q

Give some examples of amoeba.

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba dispar

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6
Q

Give some examples of coccidia.

A

Plasmodium species
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidium

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7
Q

Give an example of a ciliate.

A

Balantidium coli

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8
Q

Give some examples of flagellates.

A

Trypanosoma
Trichomonas
Giardia
Leishmania

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9
Q

What is the main difference between the two types of amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica can cause invasive amoebiasis

Entamoeba dispar is a normal commensal of the GI tract

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10
Q

What is amoeba infection caused by?

A

Ingestion of mature cysts in food or water contaminated by faeces

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11
Q

How many nuclei are there in mature cysts?

A

4

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12
Q

What are the treatment options for amoebiasis?

A 
Nitroimidazole derivatives (kills trophozoites but not the cysts)  
Parmomycine or Diloxanide Furoate
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13
Q

What are the five types of plasmodium that cause malaria?

A 
Falciparum- most toxic
Malariae 
Vivax 
Ovale 
Knowlesi
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14
Q

What are the two types of host for plasmodium?

A

Human

Female anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

What are the two stages of malaria in humans?

A

Liver

Blood

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16
Q

Describe the symptoms of malaria.

A 
PAROXYSMAL (occurs every 4-8 hours) 
Fever  
Chills 
Headaches  
Vomiting  
Muscle pain
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17
Q

State some complications of malaria.

A 
Severe anaemia (due to intravascular haemolysis) 
Cerebral malaria 
Liver failure  
Shock  
Pulmonary oedema 
Abnormally low blood sugar 
Kidney failure  
Swelling and rupturing of the spleen
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18
Q

What are the treatments for uncomplicated malaria?

A

Chloroquine

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19
Q

What is the treatment for severe malaria?

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapy

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20
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Blood film (+ Giemsa stain)

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21
Q

What are the routes of infection of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Eating undercooked meat of animals harbouring tissue cysts
Consuming food or water contaminated with cat faeces
Blood transfusion
Organ transplantation
Transplacentally from mother to foetus

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22
Q

Which group of patients are particularly vulnerable to toxoplasma infection?

A

Immunocompromised

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23
Q

What can toxoplasma infections cause in these immunocompromised individuals?

A

CNS disease
Brain lesions
Pneumonitis
Retinochoroiditis

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24
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

DIARRHOEA (mainly in the immunocompromised)

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25
Q

How is it treated?

A

Fluid rehydration

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26
Q

How are most diarrhoeal protozoal diseases diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

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27
Q

What are the reservoirs of balantidium coli?

A

Primates
Rodents
Pigs

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28
Q

What are the effects of balantidium coli infection in immunocompromised patients?

A 
Persistent DIARRHOEA 
Dysentery 
Abdominal pain 
Vomiting  
Nausea
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29
Q

How can drinking water be cleared of ovoid giardia lamblia cysts?

A

Filtration

Ovoid cysts can survive standard chlorination procedures

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30
Q

What is the main symptom of giardiasis?

A

DIARRHOEA

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31
Q

How is giardia transmitted?

A

Faeco-oral

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32
Q

What are the acute symptoms of giardiasis?

A 
Diarrhoea 
Greasy stools that tend to float  
Stomach or abdominal cramps  
Nausea/vomiting
Dehydration
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33
Q

What is the treatment for giardia?

A

Metronidazole

34
Q

How is trichomonas transmitted?

A

Sexually transmitted

35
Q

Where does trichomonas infection mainly tend to reside?

A

Urethra

36
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Dysuria
Vulval itching
Vaginal discharge
Offensive smelling urine

37
Q

What effect does trichomonas infection have on HIV transmission?

A

It enhances HIV transmission

38
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

Metronidazole

39
Q

Can adult worms multiply in man?

A

No

40
Q

In which subset of the population is there a significant burden of worms?

A

School-aged children – this has a massive impact on their development

41
Q

What are the three groups of Helminths? Give some examples of each.

A 
Roundworms (nematodes) 
 Ascaria 
 Hookworms 
 Filaria 
 Strongyloides  
Flatworms (cestodes)
 Taenia (tapeworms) 
Flukes (trematodes) 
 Schistosoma
42
Q

Where do the adult ascaria worms live?

A

Small intestine

43
Q

Describe the passage of ascaria larvae once they hatch in the small intestine.

A

Infective eggs are swallowed
The larvae hatch in the small intestine and invade the intestinal mucosa
They are carried via the portal and systemic circulation to the lungs
The larvae mature further in the lungs, penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree and are swallowed
When they reach the small intestine, they mature into adult worms

44
Q

How long can adult ascaria live?

A

1-2 years

45
Q

Describe the symptoms of ascariasis.

A

Often asymptomatic
Infections with a large number of worms can cause abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction
Malnourishment (because of worms feeding on contents of small intestine)
Loeffler’s pneumonia – penetration of larvae into lungs leads to pools of blood and epithelial cells clogging the airspaces in the lungs (resulting bacterial infections can be fatal)

46
Q

What is the treatment for ascariasis?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

47
Q

How are most helminth infections diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

48
Q

Describe the passage of hookworm larvae across the body.

A

The same as ascaria

49
Q

Where do adult hookworms live?

A

Small intestine

50
Q

What is a key feature of hookworm infection and what is this caused by?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia – caused by localised bleeding in the small intestine

51
Q

What is the treatment for hookworm infection?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

52
Q

What is the biological name whipworm?

A

Trichuras trichiura

53
Q

Where do adult whipworms live?

A

Caecum and ascending colon

54
Q

What are the symptoms of whipworm infection?

A

Blood diarrhoea and anaemia (due to severe vitamin and iron loss)

55
Q

What is the treatment for whipworm infections?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

56
Q

What is a potential therapeutic use of whipworms?

A

Helminth therapy for allergies and autoimmune diseases

57
Q

What are the two forms of filaria?

A

Brugia malayi

Wucheria bancrofti

58
Q

Describe the location of microfilariae in the blood.

A

They are found in the peripheral blood at night

They are found in the deep veins during the day

59
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

Antigen detection with immunochromatic test (ELISA)

60
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Loiasis?

A

Worms can get into the eye and cross under the conjunctiva so you see something wriggling in your vision

61
Q

What is the insect vector in Loiasis?

A

Chyrops fly

62
Q

What are the three main types of flatworm for which humans are the only definite host?

A

Taenia solium
Taenia asiatica
Taenia saginata

63
Q

Describe the symptoms of flatworm infection.

A 
Most people are asymptomatic
Abdominal pain  
Weight loss  
Loss of appetite  
Upset stomach
64
Q

How is flatworm infection diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

65
Q

What important condition does Taenia solium cause?

A

Cysticercosis- most common cause of acquired epilepsy workdwide

66
Q

What is the treatment for flatworm infections?

A

Praziquantel

67
Q

What are the three main types of schistosoma?

A

Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum

68
Q

What is the intermediate host in schistosoma?

A

Freshwater snails

69
Q

Where do the adult worms live in schistosomiasis?

A

Venule

70
Q

Where do the eggs progressively move to?

A 
Small intestine (mansoni and japonicum) 
Bladder and ureters (haematobium)
71
Q

Describe the symptoms of schistosomiasis.

A 
Possible rash or itchy skin  
Fever  
Chills  
Cough  
Muscle aches  
Most people have NO SYMPTOMS in early stages of infection
72
Q

What is the treatment of schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

73
Q

Name some ectoparasites.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei – Scabies (causes rash)
Pediculus humanis capitis (head louse)
Pediculus humanis corporis (body louse)
Pthirus pubis (crab louse-pubic louse)

74
Q

How are ectoparasites transmitted?

A

Direct contact

75
Q

What type of cell are protozoa

A

Eukaryote

76
Q

Do protozoa cause eosinophilia

A

no

77
Q

Do protozoa have vectors

A

Sometimes insect

78
Q

Difference between protozoa and metazoa in terms of disease

A

Metazoa limited to GI but protozoa pathogenesis varies

79
Q

What is only resevoir for entamoeba histolytica

A

humans- even asymptomatic carriers can pass it on. These people are problem as in people with symtpoms they are treated and parasites killed

80
Q

Can metazoa have intermediate hosts and insect vectors

A

yes

81
Q

How do metazoa reproduce

A

Produce eggs, microfilaria and larvae

82
Q

What is host for most metazoa

A

Humans

MCDone (43 decks)

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