Hospital Acquired Infections Flashcards
Define the following:
a. Antimicrobial
b. Antibacterial
c. Antibiotic
a. Antimicrobial
Interferes with growth and reproduction of a microbe
b. Antibacterial
Commonly used to describe agents that reduce or eliminate harmful bacteria
c. Antibiotic
Type of antimicrobial that is used as medicine for humans and animals
What is a health-care associated infection?
Infections that occur after exposure to healthcare Infection starts >48 hours after admission to hospital
Why do health-care associated infections cost money to the healthcare system?
They increase the length of stay at hospital
List some medical interventions that can increase the risk of infection.
Catheterisation Intubation Lines (e.g. central venous lines) Chemotherapy Prosthetic material
State some other factors that increase the risk of infection in the hospital setting.
Dissemination by healthcare staff
Concentration of ill patients
What are the ESCAPE pathogens?
Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium difficile Acinetobacter baumanii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacteriaceae NOTE: ESC are Gram-positive APE are Gram-negative
What is the main problem with the escape pathogens?
They are antibiotic resistant
What is the most frequent cause of bacteraemia by a Gram-negative bacterium?
E. coli
What does E. coli frequently cause?
UTI
Which antibiotics is E. coli resistant to in many countries?
Cephalosporins
Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?
Carbapenems
What is ESBL encoded on?
Plasmid
What are carbapenemases encoded on?
Transposon
What types of infections does Klebsiella pneumoniae tend to cause?
UTI
Respiratory tract
Which group of patients are at risk of Klebsiella infection?
Immunocompromised
