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Anaesthesia > Monitoring anaestheisa > Flashcards

Monitoring anaestheisa Flashcards

1
Q

What does the anaesthetic period consist of?

A 
Pre anaesthetic assessment
Pre medication 
Induction 
Maintenance 
Recovery period
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2
Q

What is involved within the pre anaesthetic assessment?

A

Assessing patient risk - class 1 to 5

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3
Q

What are advantages of giving agents I/V via a catheter?

A

Reduces risk of extravascular injection
Rapid I/v access for emergencies
Rapid deepening of anaesthesia
Admin of fluids (if required)

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4
Q

What are disadvantages of giving I/V agents via a catheter?

A

Vein damage

Sepsis - may introduce bacteraemia

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5
Q

What are the aims of monitoring anaesthesia?

A

To provide an appropriate depth of anaesthesia for the procedure
To maintain normal physiological function in the patient

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6
Q

Which body systems have prioritised monitoring during anaesthesia?

A

Cardiovascular
Central nervous
Respiratory
Temperature

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7
Q

What is included when monitoring cardiovascular function?

A 
HR and rhythm 
Pulse quality 
C.R.T
MM colour
Hb saturation 
Perfusion
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8
Q

What is the normal HR in dogs and cats

A 
Dog = 70-140bpm
Cat = 100-120bpm
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9
Q

Where is the plapation of superficial arteries taken from?

A 
Femoral
Sublingual 
Nasal
Ulnar
Palmar Meta-carpal
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10
Q

When is the apex beat palpated?

A

In small animals or when the pulse is low

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11
Q

What does a stethoscope monitor?

A

Rhythm, rate, valve function and contractility

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12
Q

What does a ECG monitor?

A

The electrical activity of the heart. Doesn’t indicate cardiac output or mechanical activity

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13
Q

What normal variations can be seen within the cardiovascular system?

A

Sinus arrhythmia - normal variation in HR that occurs during respiration (pulse is regularly irregular)
Inspiration - HR increases
Expiration - HR decreases

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14
Q

How can pulse quality be measured indirectly?

A

Palpation - use small peripheral arteries as are more sensitive to changes in BP
Oscillotometry - pneumatic cuff around the limb, very expensive and can be inaccurate in hypotension
Ultrasonic - doppler

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15
Q

How can pulse quality be measured directly?

A

by direct BP measurement - accurate but invasive

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16
Q

What is capillary refill time normal?

A

Colour should return within 2seconds

17
Q

What can cause a delay to capillary refill time?

A

hypotension

Vasoconstriction

18
Q

What is the normal colour for mucous membranes?

A

Pink

19
Q

What can cause a change in mucous membrane colours? and to what colour?

A

Hypercapnia = bright pink
Cyanosis = blue
Hypertension/blood loss = white

20
Q

What is used to measure haemoglobin saturation? How does it measure?

A

a pulse oximeter

Uses red and infrared light beams to detect presence of oxygenated arterial blood

21
Q

How is perfusion measured?

A

Pulse pressure
C.R.T.
Pulse oximetry

22
Q

What is normal for good perfusion?

A

Red blood at site

23
Q

What does poor perfusion look like?

A

Dark oozing blood

24
Q

What are the cranial nerve reflexes?

A 
palpebral 
Jaw tone
Pupil diameter 
Salivation 
Tongue curl
Eye position 
Corneal reflex
Lacrimation
25
Q

What is the normal respiration rate?

A

10-30 breaths per min in dogs

20-30 breaths per min in cats

26
Q

What can cause variety within respiration rate?

A

Depth of anaesthesia
Surgical stimulation
Drugs

27
Q

What are the autonomic responses?

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Pupil diameter
C.R.T.

28
Q

How can respiratory function be measured?

A

Wrights respirometer - placed in circuit, records minute volume
Pulse oximeter - alerts to hypoxia or airway obstruction
AP alert - respiratory rate and apnoea alarm
Capnography - measures from small tube placed between circuit and ET tube

29
Q

How can temperature be monitored?

A

simplest - rectal clinical thermometer

Preferable - flexible thermistor probe per rectum

Anaesthesia (16 decks)

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