Task 9 - M&M

Question 1

What is ‘collective intelligence’? (Keyword)

Answer 1

i. Under certain conditions, groups can deliver more accurate factual estimates and creative solutions to problems
ii. groups of individuals acting together in ways that seem intelligent
iii. arises from collaboration and effort

Question 2

What is ‘swarm intelligence’? (Keyword)

Answer 2

i. a population of unintelligent or uninformed agents, each following simple rules, interacting locally, may produce intelligent global behavior without the need for centralized control
ii. Collective behaviour that emerges as a group of insects/ of decentralized organized systems
iii. flexibility, robustness and organization
iv. NO central organization; every individual behaviour acts in a certain way without knowing they have to act in a certain way

Question 3

What does social cognition study?

Answer 3

• social cognition studies how people make sense of their social world by reasoning about the thoughts, goals, and feelings of other people

Question 4

What does distributed cognition say about thinking?

Answer 4

thinking occurs through the cooperation of many individuals

o working together in teams

Question 5

What are 3 kinds of distributions of cognitive processes?

Answer 5

• distributed across the members of a social group, such as a team of navigators on a ship
• may involve coordination with external structures such as computers
• through time as people continue to interact with each other and with external objects

Question 6

What are two phenomena in social and distributed cognition?

Answer 6

o Emotional contagion: people acquire the emotions of others just by witnessing and mimicking their physical expressions
o Analogy: when people try to convince people that they will like or dislike something by comparing it to something familiar

Question 7

When does crowdsourcing work especially well (for which type of tasks)?

Answer 7

ones that are fast to complete, incur low cognitive load, have low barriers to entry, are objective and verifiable, require little expertise, and can be broken up into independent subtasks

Question 8

What are crowdsourcing subjective tasks especially prone to?

Answer 8

especially prone to users “gaming” the system, providing low-effort or random answers in order to reduce the time and work needed to get a reward e.g. Rating wiki article

Question 9

How did the crowdsourcing subjective tasks change where people rated wiki articles so that people actually engage in them?

Answer 9

1. Required them to answer three, verifiable questions (e.g. how many references article had)
2. Providing 4-6 keywords summarizing the article
3. Since those questions asked are verifiable, it seems as if someone would actually evaluate those

Question 10

What is collaborative crowdsourcing?

Answer 10

when people work together e.g. translating Spanish poem into English

Question 11

How does collective intelligence relate to face to face groups?

Answer 11

collective intelligence correlated with group members ability of ToM -> group effectiveness was predicted by group performance

Question 12

When is there higher collective intelligence in the group?

Answer 12

when there are females in the group

Question 13

How does ToM and collective intelligence relate to each other?

Answer 13

ToM: was equally predictive for collective intelligence –> no difference between face to face and online meetings because ToM is more important than actual facial expression of people

Question 14

How can collective intelligence lead to an improvement in a health care system?

Answer 14

• different teams -> different strengths
• everyone has a different ability
• everyone has a different solution