9: Personality and gender Flashcards
What are sex differences?
average differences between women and men in personality or behaviour
What are gender stereotypes?
beliefs about how men and women differ or are supposed to differ, in contrast to what the actual differences are
What is the difference between the minimalist position and the maximalist position in the sex difference debate?
- Those who describe sex differences as small and inconsequential take the minimalist position
- the maximalist position argue that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized
What does the Socialization theory state about sex differences?
that boys and girls become different because notions of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ are reinforced by parents, teachers and the media
What does the learning theory (Bandura) state about sex differences?
That boys and girls learn by observing the behaviours of others, called models, of their own sex.
What does the social role theory state about sex differences?
According to social role theory, sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family roles.
What does hormonal theories state about sex differences?
argue that men and women differ not because of the external social environment but, rather, because the sexes have different underlying hormones. It is these physiological differences, not differential social treatment, which cause boys and girls to diverge over development.
According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, why does men and women differ in some domains, but not in others?
The sexes are predicted to be essentially the same in all the domains in which they have faced the same adaptive problems over human evolutionary history.
But different in the domains where they have faced different adaptive problems
What does an integrated theory of sex differences state?
This theory would take all of these levels of analysis (hormonal, social and evolutionary) into account because they are clearly compatible with each other
meta-analysis of temperament in children between the ages of 3 and 13 suggests two gender differences of moderate magnitude, which?
Girls show more inhibitory control and boys show higher levels of surgency
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about extraversion?
relatively small difference in extraversion between men and women (d = 0.15 / d = -0.10)
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about agreeableness?
Medium gender difference indicating that women score slighly higher than men (d = -0.32)
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about agressiveness?
Aggressiveness falls at the opposite end of agreeableness - men are more physically aggressive than women (d = 0.86 / 0.63 / 0.40)
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about conscientiousness?
a negligible sex difference (d = −0.14) on overall levels of Conscientiousness
When looking at sub-categories men are slighly more industrious and women slighly more orderly
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about emotional stability?
Emotional Stability shows the largest sex difference (d = −0.49 / -0.40) in the five-factor model, indicating that women are moderately lower than men on this dimension
The five-factor model provides a broad set of personality traits within which we can examine whether women and men differ.
What does research say about Intellect-Openness to experience?
no sex differences (d = −0.07 / 0.05) in Intellect–Openness to experience
But when looking at sub-categories men score highter in intellect (0.22) and women score higher in openness (-0.27)
What does research say about sex differences in self-esteem?
The overall effect size is relatively small (d = 0.21), with males scoring slightly higher than females in self-esteem
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What is the people–things dimension?
refers to the nature of vocational interests.
- People who score toward the ‘things’ end of the dimension prefer vocations that deal with impersonal objects – machines, tools or materials
- Those scoring toward the ‘people’ end of the dimension prefer social occupations, which involve thinking about others, caring for others or directing others
According to the people-things dimensions, which sex differences do we see?
The correlation between sex and the people–things dimension is 0.56, or a d of roughly 1.35, which means that men are more likely to score at the things end of the dimension, and women are more likely to score at the people end
How does men and women differ according to jealousy?
- men have been predicted to become more jealous than women in response to cues to a sexual infidelity (utroskab).
- Women have been predicted to become more jealous than men in response to cues to the long-term diversion of a mate’s commitment, such as emotional involvement with someone else
In the search for adrogyny, what does the masculinity dimension contain?
items reflecting assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency and instrumentality.
