Digestive System

Question 1

Steps involved in digestive system

Answer 1

1. Ingestion
2. Mastication
3. Propulsion:
   deglutition吞嚥, peristalsis蠕動
4. Secretion
5. Digestion
6. Absorption
7. Elimination

Question 2

Functions of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue

Answer 2

Intrinsic: change shape of tongue
Extrinsic: change position of tongue

Question 3

What is mediastinum?

Answer 3

Space between 2 lungs

Question 4

3 constrictions of the esophagus

Answer 4

1. Cervical constriction - pharyngoesophageal junction
2. Thoracic constriction - when aorta arch crosses
3. Diaphragmatic constriction - esophageal hiatus on diaphragm

Question 5

2 Muscle Layers of esophagus

Answer 5

1. External longitudinal layer

2. Internal circular layer

Question 6

4 Main parts of stomach

Answer 6

1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pyloric part - pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

Question 7

3 Muscle Layers of stomach

Answer 7

1. External longitudinal layer
2. Middle circular layer
3. Innermost oblique layer

Question 8

3 Parts of small intestine

Answer 8

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

Question 9

4 Parts of duodenum

Answer 9

1. Superior
2. Descending
3. Horizontal
4. Ascending

Question 10

Where do the bile duct and pancreatic duct unite in the small intestine?

Answer 10

Descending part of duodenum

Form hepatopancreatic ampulla entering through major duodenal papilla

Question 11

5 Parts of large intestine

Answer 11

1. Cecum
2. Appendix
3. Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
4. Rectum
5. Anal canal

Question 12

3 Features of large intestine

Answer 12

1. Taeniae coli - 3 narrow strips of longitudinal muscles
2. Appendices epiploicae - small fatty projections
3. Haustra - pouches of colon

Question 13

Muscle Layers of large intestine

Answer 13

1. incomplete outer longitudinal layer

2. complete inner circular layer

Question 14

How does ileum join the large intestine?

Answer 14

Joins at the ileocolic junction

terminal ileum projects into lumen as ileocecal valve: prevents reflux from colon

Question 15

Where does appendix attach?

Answer 15

Attaches to cecum at convergence of the 3 taeniae coli

Question 16

Where does the rectum start and end?

Answer 16

start: rectosigmoidal junction
end: anorectal line

Question 17

Muscle layers of rectum

Answer 17

1. outer longitudinal layer

2. inner circular layer

Question 18

Muscles of anus

Answer 18

1. internal anal sphincter

2. external anal sphincter

Question 19

3 Major functions of liver

Answer 19

1. Receive all nutrients absorbed by GI tract (except lipids)
2. Bile Production
3. Storage of glycogen

Question 20

3 Attachments of liver

Answer 20

1. to diaphragm by coronary ligament
2. to anterior abdominal wall by falciform ligament
3. to stomach by lesser omentum

Question 21

4 Lobes of Liver

Answer 21

1. Right Lobe (larger)
2. Left Lobe
3. Caudate lobe
4. Quadrate lobe

Question 22

Main function of gallbladder

Answer 22

Storage & concentration of bile

Question 23

Location of gallbladder

Answer 23

Gallbladder fossa on visceral surface of liver

Question 24

What is the bile duct formed by?

Answer 24

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

Question 25

Main functions of pancreas

Answer 25

1. endocrine gland - secrete hormones (insulin & glucagon)
2. exocrine gland - secrete pancreatic juice

Question 26

Functions of spleen

Answer 26

1. Site of destruction of red blood cells & platelets

2. Lymphatic organ