Testing

Question 1

What is test validity?

Answer 1

Validity is the degree that a test or item in a test measures what it is supposed to measure. This is possibly the most important characteristic of tests.

Question 2

Name the different types of validity

Answer 2

Construct
Face
Content
Criterion

Question 3

Name the different types of Criterion Referenced validity

Answer 3

Concurrent
Convergent
Predictive
Discriminant

Question 4

Describe Construct Validity

Answer 4

Construct Validity is the ability of a test to represent the underlying construct. The other validity types are secondary to construct validity and they essentially provide evidence for the construct validity.

Question 5

Describe Face Validity

Answer 5

Face Validity is the appearance that the test is measuring what it is supposed to measure. This is mostly for the athlete doing the test or the casual observers on the side.

Question 6

Describe Content Validity

Answer 6

Content Validity is an assessment by some experts covering all of the relevant subtopics or the component abilities in the appropriate portions. Some component abilities could be jumping ability, sprinting, or strength in the lower body, to name a few examples.

Question 7

Define Criterion Referenced Validity

Answer 7

Criterion Referenced Validity is the extent that test scores are associated with another measure of the same thing. There are four types of this validity:

1. Concurrent
2. Convergent
3. Predictive
4. Discriminant

Question 8

Define Concurrent Validity

Answer 8

Concurrent Validity refers to how much the test scores have to do with accepted tests of the same ability.

Question 9

Define Convergent Validity

Answer 9

Convergent Validity refers to the high positive correlation between test results that are being assessed and the others that are recognized as the gold standard.

Question 10

Define Predictive Validity

Answer 10

Predictive Validity refers to how a test score corresponds with future performances or behaviors. Possibly the comparison of the score and a measure of success within the sport.

Question 11

Define Descriminant Validity

Answer 11

Discriminant Validity refers to the ability of a test to find differences between two different constructs and is shown by low correlation between test results and tests of different constructs.

Question 12

What factors do we need to consider when selecting a test (5 Things)

Answer 12

o The Metabolic Energy System Specificity: This looks at what their sport demands in terms of energy systems (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative). We want the test to be somewhat similar to the
sport, so that it stays relevant.

o Biomechanical Movement Pattern Specificity: The more similar a test is to the important movements within the sport, the better it is.

o Experience and Training Status: We have to consider the ability of the athlete to perform the test, along with their current level of strength and endurance.

o Age and Sex: Both of these affect the experience, interest, and ability in doing the test chosen.

o Environmental Factors: Some aspects of the weather can affect the tests we choose. High temp and high humidity condition can affect athletic performance and lower the validity of our tests. It can also reduce results over time. Altitude is another big possible reducer in performance and validity.

Question 13

What precautions must we take in the heat with athletes aerobic testing and why?

5 Things

Answer 13

It is important that first, athletes should have
training enough to have a baseline of fitness in the activity we are looking to test.

Testing under extreme heat and humidity together can be very dangerous and should be avoided. If possible, we should use indoor facilities, or at least shoot for the end or beginning of the day.

If they must work out in the hot humid part of the day, make sure they are well hydrated and stay well hydrated. During activity, athletes should take in 150 – 250 mL of fluid every 15 minutes.

Light colors and loose fit clothes are preferable.

We should also make sure to look out for signs of exhaustion.

Question 14

Explain the testing order

Answer 14

Our typical testing order begins with our 1) non-fatiguing tests like stretching.

We next go to 2) agility tests, 3) max power and strength, and 4) sprint tests, in that order.

These require max power in short burst and are overall less fatiguing than aerobic capacity tests. We then do our 5) local muscular endurance tests.

Followed by our more fatiguing 6) anaerobic capacity tests.

The final type of tests we end testing with, are the 7) aerobic capacity tests, which are the most exhausting typically.

Question 15

What is the most common test for maximum strength or power?

Answer 15

The one rep max test (1RM) is used for measuring maximum muscular strength and sometimes for maximum muscular power. This test is useful for
athletes, because of the use of the percentages of 1RM can be effective in determining rep ranges for the future.

Question 16

What is the 1RM protocol (general info)

Answer 16

When administering the 1RM test, we start by warming with sets of the exercise at Submax loads beginning light.

Usually the first attempt is about 50% of the estimated 1RM. Rest of 1 – 5 minutes is preferable, as long as the client feels well rested.

The weight is increased depending on the difficulty of the last attempt.

The 1RM will typically be found in 3 – 5 sets.

Question 17

Define Agility

Answer 17

This is the ability for us to stop, start, and change the direction of the body or body parts quickly, but with control.

Question 18

Define Speed

Answer 18

This refers to the movement distance per some unit of time. Typically, we quantify it as the time taken to cover a fixed distance.

Question 19

Define Flexibility

Answer 19

ROM for joints in the body

Question 20

Define Anthropometry

Answer 20

This is the science of measurement applied to the human body. Typically, the measurements are of someone’s height, weight, and selected body girths.

Question 21

Define Body Comp

Answer 21

This is the relative proportions of weight and lean

tissue.

Question 22

What are the procedures for the two jump tests that test Maximum Muscular power? How do they differ and what is required?

Answer 22

There are two typical tests for testing vertical jump height. We use the Vertical Jump Test and the Standing Vertical Jump Test.

The typical items needed for the vertical jump test are a wall and chalk for one procedure, or a commercial Vertec device.

For the standing vertical jump test, we use a contact mat, and the only other difference is that you hold the
squat at the bottom so that the countermovement is removed from the jump. This bottom position is held for 2 – 3 seconds prior to jumping.

Question 23

What are the four aerobic capacity tests mapped out in the book?

Answer 23

There are 4 aerobic capacity tests. The 1.5 mile run, the 12 minute run, the yo-yo intermittent recovery test, and the maximal aerobic speed test.

Question 24

Describe the test and the protocol for the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (7 Steps)

Answer 24

This test is more ideal for team sports due to them mimicking short intensive bursts of exercise and then immediate short recovery periods.

Both tests consist of a 2 by 20 meter shuttle run with speeds increasing and 10 seconds of recovery. The IRT1 starts at 10 kilometers per hour, and IRT2 starts at 13 kilometers per hour.

Strength and conditioning professionals should use the IRT1. The procedure is as follows:

1. Mark out 20 meters and arrange the cones. Markers are 2 meters apart at both the start and the end. Measure a distance that is 5 meters behind the start.
2. Warm up and stretch prior to testing.
3. Testing starts with the athletes at the starting line.
4. When given a sound, they run to the turn line. When the second sound starts, athletes arrive at the turn line and run back to the start in time for the sound.
5. When passing the start, athletes run to the marked 5 meter distance and then return to the start.
6. The athletes go as long as they can without missing the sounds. One missed sound results in a warning, two misses results in failure.
7. The end result for how long they lasted is recorded.

Question 25

Describe the test and the protocol for the T-test (7 Steps)

Answer 25

The T-test is an agility test. It is used in a lot of the main sports. The equipment required is four cones, a tape measure that reaches a minimum of 5 yards, a stopwatch, and a flat floor with good traction. The procedure is as follows:

1. Layout the cones in this order. From A to B there is 10 yards. C is left of B by 5 yards. D is right of B by 5 yards.
2. The athlete starts at A.
3. When given a sound as a signal, the athlete sprints to point B and touches it with their right hand.
4. While still facing forward, the athlete will shuffle to the left for 5 yards to cone C and touch it with their left hand.
5. The athlete then shuffles all the way to the right to cone D and touches it with their right hand.
6. The athlete shuffles to the left and touches cone B with their left hand.
7. Lastly, the athlete runs backwards through cone A, where the time is recorded. We take down the best of two tries.

Question 26

How do you take skinfold measurements? Name the 6 steps

Answer 26

For taking skinfold measurements, we require skinfold calipers, a flexible tape measure, and a marking pen.

The procedure is as follows:

1. The skin should be dry, these measurements should be before exercising, and the skin sites should be based on the person being tested.
2. You start by firmly grasping the skin with the thumb and index finger, holding the skin and subcutaneous fat.
3. You then place the calipers perpendicular to the fold half an inch to an inch from the fingers.
4. You then release the grip on the calipers so that the springs tension is put on the skinfold.
5. 1 – 2 seconds after the grip was released, you read the caliper to the closest 0.5 mm.
6. Take a measurement from each site and then repeat them in the same order. The measurements should be averaged as long as they don’t differ by 10%.

Question 27

Name and describe the 8 skinfold measurement sites

Answer 27

1) Chest: This is a diagonal fold taken at half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple. This is used on men.
2) Thigh: This vertical fold is taken on the anterior aspect of the thigh, halfway between the hip and the knee.
3) Abdomen: This vertical fold is taken 1 inch right of the umbilicus.
4) Triceps: This vertical fold is taken on the posterior midline of the upper arm, midway between the acromion and olecranon processes. The arms should be relaxed and in normal anatomical position.
5) Suprailium: This diagonal fold is taken above the crest of the ilium at an imaginary line coming from the anterior axillary line.
6) Midaxilla: This vertical fold is taken at the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum.
7) Subscapula: This fold is at a diagonal line extending from the vertical border 0.5 – 1.0 inch form the inferior angle of the scapula.
8) Calf: this vertical fold is taken on the medial side of the calf at the place of maximum circumference of the calf.

Question 28

What are the 7 sites for girth measurements

Answer 28

1) Chest: This is at the level of the nipple in males, and at max circumference for females.
2) Right Upper Arm: This is at the point of max circumference with our elbow extended, palms up, and the arm abducted parallel to the floor.
3) Right Forearm: This is at max circumference with a fully extended elbow, palms up, and arm abducted parallel to the floor.
4) Waist: This is taken around the body at the level of the umbilicus.
5) Hips: This is at the point of max protrusion of the butt with our heels placed together.
6) Right Thigh: The point of max circumference, usually just below the butt.
7) Right Calf: The point of max circumference between the knee and ankle.

Question 29

What are the 3 types of statistics?

Answer 29

Central Tendency
Inferential Statistics
Magnitude (Pop-Pop) Statistics

Question 30

What is Central Tendency

Answer 30

These are used to summarize large groups of data.
There are three descriptive statistics:

1) Central Tendency: Values where data tends to cluster.

> Mean: The average of all the scores in a group. This is the most common central tendency.

> Median: This is the score located in the middle of all of the scores. The median can possibly be a better measure of central tendency than the mean.

> Mode: This is the score that happens with greatest
frequency.

2) Variability:This is the degree of dispersion of the scores within a group.

> Standard Deviation: This is a measure of the variability of a set of scores in reference to the mean.

> Range: The interval from highest to the lowest score.

3) Percentile Rank:The percent of test takers that score below an
individual.

Question 31

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 31

These stats allow someone to draw conclusions about populations based on info collected in a population sample.

Question 32

What are magnitutde (pop-pop) statistics?

Answer 32

These can provide more useful approaches for

practitioners because it allows the interpretation of the clinical significance of fitness testing.

Question 33

Describe what the athlete profile is and how we create one

Answer 33

An Athletic Profile is a group of test results that are related to the sport specific abilities that are important for good performance in a sport or a position played in a sport.

We choose valid tests to measure these things like we discussed in the previous chapters. We administer these tests to as many athletes as possible.

It is important to do repeat testing and show the results
with a visual profile with figures.