heart

Question 1

what is ligamentum arteriosum ?

Answer 1

fibroud remnant of embryonic vessel/ductus arteriosus, which bypasses the pulmonary circulation by attaching the root of left pulmonary artery to arch of aorta.

Question 2

true/false: pulmonary arteries drain into the left atrium.

Answer 2

false-pulmonary veins drain into left atrium.

Question 3

what are the branches of ascending aorta?

Answer 3

left and right coronary arteries-with their branches….

Question 4

what are the branches of aortic arch?

Answer 4

from right to left- brachiocephalic trunk branches to form right common carotid and right subclavian artery. then left common carotid and the left subclavian.

Question 5

what are the branches of descending/thoracic aorta?

Answer 5

posterior intercostal arteries, anterior branches to bronchi, lungs, oesophagus, mediastinum and pericardium.

Question 6

branches of abdominal aorta?

Answer 6

inferior phrenic branches to form superior suprarenals, coeliac trunk branches to form common hepatic, left gastric and splenic, middle suprarenals, SMA, renal arteries branch to form inferior suprarenals, gonadal, IMA, 4 pairs of lumbar arteries, middle sacral, common iliacs.

Question 7

what are the branches of external iliac and what is its course?

Answer 7

just before it enters the femoral canal to become femoral artery it branches to form inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex artery.

Question 8

distance between Coeliac trunk and SMA, SMA and IMA?

Answer 8

c-SMA: 1.5 cm, SMA-IMA: 7-8 cm.

Question 9

how can we landmark a level with coeliac, SMA and IMA, renal arteries, aorta bifurcation, two common iliac veins joining, and common iliac arteries?

Answer 9

Coeliac-L1
SMA-transpyloric plane
renal arteries: L2
IMA-L3
aorta bifurcates-L4
COMMON ILIAC division at lumbosacral joint. 
iliac veins join to form IVC-L5

Question 10

what are the branches of internal thoracic artery?

Answer 10

perforating branches to skin, sternal, pericardinal, mediastinal, upper 6 anterior intercostal, 7-9 by musculophrenic,superior and inferior epigastric, pericardiophrenic, thymic.

Question 11

what is vasa vasorum?

Answer 11

tiny vessels supplyinh the external surface of vessels.

Question 12

what are the tributaries of brachiocephalic vein?

Answer 12

hemiazygous if present on left, and internal thoracic vein.

Question 13

what are the tributaries of superior VC?

Answer 13

brachiocephalic veins and azygous.

Question 14

what are the tributaries of IVC?

Answer 14

3 hepatic veins, inferior phrenic vein, suprarenal, renal veins, gonadal veins, lumbar veins, common iliac. the left gonadal, inferior phrenic and suprarenal drain into left renal vein.

Question 15

where does azygous drain into?

Answer 15

SVC

Question 16

where does hemiazygous drain into

Answer 16

left brachiocephalic

Question 17

where do superior and inferior epigastric veins drain into?

Answer 17

superior to internal thoracic vein , inferior to external iliac.

Question 18

what is foregut, mid gut and hindgut’s blood supply and drainage?

Answer 18

f-coeliac, drained by splenic vein
m-SMA, drained by SMV
h-IMA drained by IMV.

Question 19

what is the land mark for brachiocephalic vein, azygous, confluence of superior mesenteric and splenic veins, common iliacs joining IVC?

Answer 19

brachio becomes SVC- behind first costal cartilage
azygous becomes SVC at manubriosternal joint
transpyloric plane is the confluence of SMV and splen ic vein, common iliacs to IVC L5.

Question 20

where does the thoracic duct terminate?

Answer 20

jugulosubclavian junction