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CTEL > Ch4 > Flashcards

Ch4 Flashcards

1
Q

Listening is a receptive language skill but not a __ act

A

passive

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2
Q

In SLA it is important that students feel a sense of __ purpose

A

personal

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3
Q

What is minimal pair practice and how should it be performed? What is it considered a prerequisite for?

A
  • Repeat similar phrases that differ by a single phoneme IN CONTEXT
  • Learning to read
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4
Q

What are methods for learning listening skills? (5)

A
  • Use poems/nursery rhymes to introduce words that differ by 1 phoneme
  • Have students FITB at the end of sentences
  • Read linguistically playful writings (alliteration, etc.)
  • Jazz chants
  • Poetry read aloud “Late Again” substituting backpack and homework for keys, etc.
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5
Q

What simple activity can students perform to demonstrate comprehension after hearing a recording?

A

Answer true/false Questions

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6
Q

Describe Total Physical Response (TPR). How can student demonstrate comprehension?

A
  • Students respond to oral commands that are modeled: Stand/Sit, Take out your book
  • Pointing to a drawing/picture or acting out a command, etc.
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7
Q

What is also natural to introduce when using TPR (Total Physical Response)?

A

Reading and writing commands should also be integrated

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8
Q

What stage of language learning is associated with TPR (Total Physical Response)?

A

Early

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9
Q

What is currently the recommended way to teach reading, writing, listening and speaking.

A

In an integrated fashion at the same time.

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10
Q

How did CA set up ELD standards?

A

In a way that translates to the ELA common core standards

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11
Q

How do teachers benefit from CA’s ELD standards

A

It gives a developmental framework for teaching EL’s

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12
Q

How can teachers integrate other language skills to an EL who tells a story?

A

Write it down and then read it or have them read it.

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13
Q

What modalities other than writing and speaking can be integrated into learning?

A

Visual/Illustrative (art), musical/dramatic arts, a/v production

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14
Q

What connection is the most important connection for the student to make?

A

Personal

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15
Q

What 4 things can be done too improve retention in a “listening” setting

A
  • Draw upon or build up students’ schemata
  • Clearly define the purpose
  • Ensure the task has real-world context
  • Follow with a speaking task
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16
Q

Current SLA teaching methods emphasize __ aspects of language and recognize the importance of the listener’s __ __ __

A

interactional

construction of meaning

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17
Q

What do current SLA teaching methods say about academic subjects in the early stages of language development?

A

They should be included

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18
Q

What should a teacher do before, during and after a classroom visitor comes to speak?

A

Before: Discuss the topic and brainstorm questions
During: Record and ask students to listen for answers to their questions
After: Listen and make notes of ideas to share

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19
Q

What is the “information Gap” activity

A

Two students have copies of the same materials (pictures). One describes it and the other guess which one is being described

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20
Q

Why is formal (academic) discourse more difficult than BIC?

A

There is no interaction to “negotiate” meaning

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21
Q

What are 5 principles for an environment conducive to formal discourse?

A
  • Make discussion (peer explanation) an integral part of learning
  • A climate of trust & respect
  • Organize the physical setting
  • Use flexible groupings
  • Provider variety in topics
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22
Q

What does the latest advice suggest adding more of in ELD instruction?

A

Grammar and vocabulary

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23
Q

What should we integrate with speaking?

A

Reading

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24
Q

Longer stretches of speech require correct __ __

A

intonation patterns

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25
Q

In improving oral proficiency, name two things to emphasize and one thing to avoid

A
  • Participation and progress

- Over-correction

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26
Q

What are the 3 formats for Oral Practice in the ELD class?

A
  • Guided
  • Communicative
  • Free Conversation
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27
Q

What is a good oracy strategy?

A

Self-talk

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28
Q

After modeling positive self-talk, what two activities can follow?

A
  • FITB worksheet

- Prepare a 1 minute presentation using self-talk

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29
Q

What is Cued Story Retelling?

A
  • Each student has pictures related to different part of a story. As the teacher reads, the students hold up the appropriate picture.
  • After the story, the pictures are mixed up then ordered to match the story order
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30
Q

How many words does a typical native speaker know by kindergarten?

A

5-7 thousand

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31
Q

How, besides through reading, should vocab be learned?

A

Orally

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32
Q

What are two methods to help with learning academic vocabulary?

A
  • Contextual guessing

- Dictionaries (both languages)

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33
Q

What is a good way to have a discussion about vocabulary?

A
  • Definition, syn/ant/onyms

- Have each group select a set and then one presents to class

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34
Q

Vocab instruction should be

A

multi-faceted

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35
Q

How can students visualize vocab?

A

Illustrate the word then quiz each other

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36
Q

What is a common contributing factor to EL’s having a literacy gap?

A

A lack of formal training in their native language

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37
Q

When a child has a lack of formal training in their native language, what goal besides L2 proficiency is at risk

A

A high level of proficiency in their native language

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38
Q

What are 5 characteristics of classrooms that support EL literacy development?

A
  • Meaningful, jointly negotiated activities
  • Cognitively demanding yet scaffolded to ensure success
  • Organized learning so that new learning builds on familiar topics/themes
  • Collaborative with mixed groups
  • A print-rich environment
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39
Q

Name 5 skills/understandings transfer from L1 to L2

A
  • Print carries meaning
  • Syntactic and semantic knowledge
  • Cues to predict meaning
  • Reading strategies
  • Confidence in reading
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40
Q

What are 3 principles for teaching literacy in students w/o native language literacy?

A
  • Introduced in a meaningful way
  • Link oral and print as naturally as possible
  • Opportunity to enjoy reading and writing
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41
Q

What is a program for SIFE learners (often older)

A

RIGOR: Reading Instruction Goals for Older Readers

42
Q

What are 7 instructional procedures for successful literacy learning

A
  • Environmental print
  • Meaning based
  • Silent reading period
  • Low-anxiety environment
  • Motivating activities
  • Integration of structure and function
  • Integration of Content and Literacy
43
Q

What is the current recommendation for reading instruction in terms of top-down, bottom-up approaches?

A

A balanced approach

44
Q

Top-down approaches to reading are often called __ __. Bottom-Up approaches to reading ___ sounds of a language to its ___ form. Language modes (speaking, listening, etc.) are ___

A

meaning centered
connects, written
interdependent

45
Q

What are two characteristics of Whole Language

A
  • Meaning-centered. Meaning plays a central role

- Language modes (speaking, etc.) are interdependent

46
Q

What is the core of the bottom-up approach to reading?

A
  • Connect the sounds of a language with its written form and meaning will take care of itself
47
Q

How is bottom-up reading presented?

A

With simplified language and easily decodable text.

48
Q

What does bottom-up reading emphasize?

A
  • Identifying words and sentence patterns

- Once words are identified, meaning takes care of itself

49
Q

What are 7 components of a balanced literacy approach to reading?

A
  • Shared reading (read along)
  • Read aloud (listen)
  • Reading Workshop (independently, partners)
  • Shared writing (teacher composes while modeling thought process)
  • Interactive writing (both write together)
  • Writing workshop (as above)
  • Word study (Phonemic awareness, phonics, spelling)
50
Q

Differentiate “part-to-whole” and “embedded” phonics

A

PTH matches sounds w/ letters (avoid exceptions)

E guides discovery with familiar texts

51
Q

What are 2 takeaways regarding using Phonics for EL’s?

A
  • Good for learning

- Need to keep interest by nurturing a love for literature

52
Q

What is Phonemic Awareness?

A

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes

53
Q

What is the shortcoming of regulators emphasizing phonics in instruction?

A

It can’t replace interactive, dynamic conversations that students have with teachers

54
Q

How does relying only on Phonics effect students’ reading experience

A

Slows them down and bores them. They need time devoted to literary experiences

55
Q

What is the explicit theme of standards-based reading instruction (CCSS) Common Core State Standards? the integration of? (2)

A

Knowledge

Ideas

56
Q

What is the primary motivation to learn to read and write

A

Seeing others doing it. Not all EL’s have this

57
Q

What is necessary for emergent literacy (5)?

A
  • Prior knowledge
  • Phonemic awareness
  • Recognize non-phonemic words
  • Acquire reading behaviors
  • Participate in the culture of reading
58
Q

What are 4 important facets of learning to read?

A
  • Skill with print
  • Decoding text
  • Prior knowledge
  • Comprehension
59
Q

What are 3 strategies for decoding text?

A

Semantic: “fit” in context
Syntactic: Verb? Noun?
Orthographic: Shape/length

60
Q

How can we help students model the thinking process for reading comprehension?

A 
Identify the connections during reading as:
(MI) Main Idea
(W) World knowledge
(ME) Personal knowledge
(C) Casual knowledge
61
Q

What is the Three-Stage Reading Process?

A
  • Pre-reading “Into” activities
    • Brainstorming
    • KWL, What I: KNOW, WANT to learn, LEARNED
  • “Through” activities: Read aloud to them
  • “Beyond” activities: Poems, letters to authors/pen pals, cued retelling, mock TV shows
62
Q

What is the Language Experience Approach (LEA) to literacy instruction?

A
  • Teacher transcribes a student told story or event then reads it
  • Student reads it back
63
Q

What are 3 advantages of the Language Experience Approach (LEA)?

A
  • Connect students to their own experiences
  • Reinforces sound -> symbols -> recreating the ideas expressed
  • Provides text for lessons on vocab, grammar, writing conventions, structure, etc
64
Q

What is increasingly used as the core of a reading program?

A

Literature-based reading using “controlled readers”, multi-cultural literature and self-selection

65
Q

What is true about the characters in the graphic literary genre of Manga?

A

Lots of shades of gray

66
Q

What is true about reading and writing in (PLC) Participatory Literary Communities?

A

Reading and writing are partnered with speaking and doing?

67
Q

When teachers encourage EL’s to enjoy reading, the classroom becomes its own ___ ___

A

Literacy Community

68
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the Three-Tier Model of reading Instruction (Response to Intervention: RTI)?

A
  • Strategic, supplemental intervention to those that fall behind
  • Provides many opportunities for remediation before referral to Special Education
69
Q

What are the 3 tiers in the Three-Tier Model of reading Instruction (Response to Intervention: RTI)?

A

Tier I: Core reading: ELA or ELD strategies
Tier II: Strategic Supplemental Intervention: Individually or small groups
Tier III: Intensive Intervention until unnecessary

70
Q

Literacy is foster by __, __ learning

A

inclusionary

multicultural

71
Q

Writing is an opportunity to link with the ___ and ___ heritage of the US and begin to communicate effectively __ __

A

social, cultural

across cultures

72
Q

According to the conclusions of Fitzgerald and Amendum (2007), what writing skills/experiences transfer for preschool, primary and intermediate/secondary EL’s?

A

Preschool: May develop similarly to natives
Primary-Int: Writing skills can transfer from L1 to L2
Int-Sec: Composing processes (pre-writing, planning strategies) resemble native speakers

73
Q

What are 3 recommendations for writing exercises (Fitzgerald)

A
  • Daily News: (LEA) Students dictate ideas to a scribe
  • Dialogue journals
  • Persuasive essays
74
Q

What two things may be true about children’s writing in terms of writing

A
  • Shorthand for more complex messages than meets the eye

- Child brain is just as creative and meaning seeking as adult

75
Q

What does the Sociocultural approach to writing say about individuals engaging in literacy

A

It is done for specific purposes in specific contexts as participants in specific communities

76
Q

What is important for EL’s to develop simultaneously to oral-language skills?

A

Writing skills

77
Q

What should be emphasized in terms of writing, product or process?

A

Process

78
Q

The writing process provides situations where language can be used ___

A

meaningfully

79
Q

What are the three stage of the writing process?

A

Prewriting: (Brainstorming for a first sentence)
Writing: (Quickly to capture ideas, Listen and comment on drafts)
Editing: Correct, refine

80
Q

What is the Six Traits Approach for writing?

A
  • Ideas (for content)
  • Organization
  • Voice (effectiveness of personal experience)
  • Word Choice
  • Sentence Fluency
  • Conventions
81
Q

What is true about BLOG content?

A

Includes varied audio-visual content in addition to writing

82
Q

What type of writing can be a powerful motivator?

A

Poetry

83
Q

What are two benefits of poetry?

A

Multicultural

Permits word play/imagination

84
Q

What is a Poetry Slam

A

An MC introduces poets who present to the audience

85
Q

What 2 things should be considered first when considering error correcting and grammar practice?

A

Indiscriminate error correcting and decontextualized grammar practice do not enhance SLA

86
Q

How should errors be treated in early stages vs. students with greater proficiency?

A

Early Stage: Don’t correct if meaning is clear

More Proficient: Need feedback on recurring errors. Address systematic errors

87
Q

How should we teach spelling?

A

Focus on the few rules that cover 95% of the words used

88
Q

What is the latest thought on extremely structured approaches to grammar?

A

Linguists question the value for the attainment of grammatical competence

89
Q

What are two of the most recent suggestions for dealing with grammar?

A
  • Do so as the need arises

- Show students how to self-correct with existing software

90
Q

Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has been replaced by ___ and ___

A

TELL, Technology Enhanced Language Learning and CMC, Computer-Mediated Communication

91
Q

How does TELL impact Literacy creating Literacy 2.0? (4)

A
  • On-demand
  • flexible, nonlinear
  • multiple modalities
  • extends beyond school walls
92
Q

What is true about web pages that require a different guidance than typical academic literature?

A

They are non-linear

93
Q

What does VIVO (Voice In Voice Out) technology offer to the functionally illiterate

A

Access to the internet’s information w/o having to read or write

94
Q

What are learners demanding in Literacy 2.0

A

Immersive educational experiences that are socially rich and engaging

95
Q

What three things do word processors promote in students?

A
  • write more
  • find revisions easier
  • more willing to exchange feedback
96
Q

What 4 skills are focused on WebQuests instruction?

A
  • self-thought
  • analysis
  • synthesis
  • evaluation
97
Q

What is true about online linguistic creativity and volume compared to language activities at school?

A

More creative and greater in volume

98
Q

What is the teacher’s role in TELL? (4)

A
  • Monitor progress
  • Encourage
  • Instruct
  • Model appropriate behavior
99
Q

What negative aspect of TELL does the teacher need to address?

A

Cyberbullying: Identify it and educate about the rationalizations used to justify it

100
Q

What are 5 benefits of TELL?

A
  • Support strategic learning
  • Increases communicative abilities
  • Supports user autonomy
  • Enhances creativity
  • Brings together a classroom learning community
101
Q

What do EL’s need in terms of technological literacy?

A
  • Access: bridge digital divide

- In-depth computer skills for the workplace

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