Chapter 10 Flashcards
cerebr/o, encephal/o
brain; coordinates all body activities by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body
myel/o
spinal cord; transmits nerve impulses between the brain, arms, legs, and lower part of the body
neur/i, neur/o
nerves; receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body
sensory organs and receptors
receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons
caus/o
burning, burn
cerebr/o
cerebrum, brain
concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
contus/o
bruis
encephal/o
brain
-esthesia
sensation, feeling
esthet/o
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
-graphy
the process of producing a picture of or record
mening/o
membranes, meninges
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
neur/i, neur/o
nerve, nerve tissue
phobia
abnormal fear
psych/o
mind
radicul/o
root or nerve root
-tropic
having an affinity for
acrophobia
An excessive fear of heights.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
A group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease.
anesthetic
Medication used to induce anesthesia.
anesthetist
A medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia but is not a physician.
anorexia nervosa
A false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight.
anxiety disorders
Mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation.
autism
A subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships.
Bell’s palsy
Temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face.
carotid ultrasonography
An ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke.
causalgia
Persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve.
cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull.
cerebral palsy (CP)
A condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies.
cerebrovascular accident
Damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke.
cervical radiculopathy
Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.
claustrophobia
An abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces.
cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
coma
A deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech.
concussion
A violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function.
cranial hematoma
A collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain.
delirium
An acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations.
delirium tremens
A disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol.
delusion
A false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.
dementia
A slowly progressive decline in mental abilities–including memory, thinking, and judgment–that is often accompanied by personality changes.
dura mater
The thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges.
dyslexia
A learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder.
echoencephalography
The use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes.
electroencephalography (EEG)
The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp.
encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain.
epidural anesthesia
Regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine.
epilepsy
A chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severities.
factitious disorder
A condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; also known as infectious polyneuritis.
hallucination
A sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation.
hemorrhagic stroke
Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed.
hydrocephalus
A condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain.
hyperesthesia
A condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
ischemic stroke
A type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.
lethargy
A lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.
meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord.
meningocele
The congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column.
migraine headache
A headache that is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound.
multiple sclerosis (MS)
A progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath, resulting in scarring of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.
myelitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow.
myelography
A radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture.
narcolepsy
A sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day.
neurotransmitters
Chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts or impulses that are repetitive, intrusive, and distressing.
panic attack
An unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, sweating, nausea, feelings of unreality, and/or choking sensations.
paresthesia
A burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body.
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
A chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
peripheral neuropathy
A disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, producing pain, the loss of sensation, and the inability to control muscles.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder that may develop after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror with symptoms including emotional numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, sleep disorders, and persistent reliving of the event.
Reye’s syndrome
A potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion; sometimes follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin.
schizophrenia
A psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances.
sciatica
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve.
seizure (Sz)
A sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time.
shaken baby syndrome
The results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death.
syncope
The brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; also known as fainting.
trigeminal neuralgia
A condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve.
central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord. The functions of the central nervous system are to receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to transmit nerve signals to and from the central nervous system.
nerve
one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
tract
a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord.
Ascending nerve tracts carry nerve impulses toward the brain.
Descending nerve tracts carry nerve impulses away from the brain.
ganglion
a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
innervation
means the supply of nerves to a specific body part
plexus
a network of intersecting spinal nerves. This term also describes a network of intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels
Receptors
sites in the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds) that receive external stimulation. They send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation