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Neuro anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy 3 - Brain Stem > Flashcards

Anatomy 3 - Brain Stem Flashcards

1
Q

What brain vesicle does the medulla make up?

A

Myelencephalon

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2
Q

T/F: The spinal cord structural orientation is maintained in the medulla

A

True

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3
Q

What secondary brain vesicles make up the brain stem?

What is not a part of the brain stem in the area?

A
  1. Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
  2. Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
  3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
    - > The cerebellum is NOT a part of the brain stem
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4
Q

T/F: The medulla contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber tracts that are continuous with ascending/descending fiber tracts of the spinal cord.

A

True

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5
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle carry? And what two things does it connect?

A
  • Carries fibers

- Connects cerebellum to spinal cord (body below neck)

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6
Q

The pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla continue as?
What type of nerve if found here? (Sensory/motor)

A
  • corticospinal tracts

- Somatomotor

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7
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids? (90%/10%)

A
  • Where 90% of corticospinal tracts from cerebrum will cross and form the lateral corticospinal tract on the contralateral side
  • 10% of corticospinal tracts do not cross and form the medial corticospinal tract
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8
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the spinal cord in the medulla region?

A

CN6-12

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9
Q

What region is the inferior olivary nucleus found in?

What type of relay center does it act as?

A
  • Found on the anterior surface of the medulla

- Cerebella relay center for the perception of time

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10
Q

Posterior medulla you will find: (Fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus)
_____ medial
_____lateral
They are associated with that rostral enlargements?

A
  • Fasciculus gracilis medial
  • Fasciculus cuneatus lateral
  • Nuclei Cuneatus and Gracilis
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11
Q

The open part of the medulla os associated with which ventricle?

A

4th

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12
Q

What is the area postrema in the medulla?

A

The floor of the fourth ventricle leading to opening of the central canal
- Vomit center

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13
Q

What do you find in the white matter of the medulla?

A

ascending and descending tracts of myelinated axons continuous with tracts of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What do you find in the gray matter of the medulla?

A

Nuclei

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15
Q

What do you find in the caudal half of the medulla? (also called what?)

A
  • Also called the closed medulla
  • Find central canal, continuation of spinal cord and has much of the dorsal/ventral organization of the spinal cord white mater
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16
Q

What are the three levels of the medulla cross section anatomy?

A
  1. Level of pyramidal decussation
  2. Level of medial lemniscus decussation
  3. Rostral half = open medulla
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17
Q

What will you find in the pyramid (cortiospinal) fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

Efferent voluntary motor from cerebral cortex to muscles of trunk and appendiges

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18
Q

What will you find in the fasciculus gracilis fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

Sensory touch and proprioception from the legs (have not crossed yet)

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19
Q

What will you find in the fasciculus cuneatus fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

Sensory touch and proprioception from the arms (have not crossed yet)

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20
Q

What will you find in the spinothalamic tracts fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

Sensory pain and temperature from trunk and appendiges

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21
Q

What will you find in the anterior spinocerebellar fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

sensory from thoracolumbar ventral horn to cerebellum

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22
Q

What will you find in the posterior spinocerebellar fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A

sensory from legs to cerebellum

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23
Q

What will you find in the CN 5 spinal trigeminal fiber tracts at the level of decussation of the medulla?

A
  • Nucleus and a tract of CN V
  • continuation of spinal cord, dorsal horn, substantia gelatinosa
  • Afferent pain and temp of head
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24
Q

What will you find in the decussation of the medial lemniscus of the medulla?

A

Crossover point for ascending fibers for proprioception and tactile sensation from the nuclei gracilis and cuneatis (dorsal column tracts)

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25
Q

If you have a lesion in the right pyramid at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla, will you have motor issues on the RIGHT or LEFT side of the body?

A

Left Side (the pyramids have crossed already)

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26
Q

What will you find in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla?

A
  • Afferent ascending sensory from vestibular nucleus (balance)
  • Descending motor medial vestibulospinal tract
  • Tectospinal tract
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27
Q

Name 4 fiber tracts that are continuous from the level of decussation of the pyramids

A
  1. CN5 Spinal Tract
  2. Ant spinocerebellar
  3. Post Spinocerebellar
  4. Spinothalamic tracts
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28
Q

What will you find in the accesory cuneate nucleus at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla?

A

associated with the cuneocerebellar (arms) tract

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29
Q

What will you find in the reticular formation at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla?

A
  • Modulates sensory signaling to cortex
  • Modulates motor signaling (reticulospinal tracts)
  • Autonomic activity
  • sleep/wake
  • emotions
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30
Q

What will you find in the inferior olivary nuclei at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla?

A

Associated with cerebellum (time perception)

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31
Q

What will you find in the nucleus ambiguous at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation of the medulla?

A

CN 9/10 for swallowing (motor)

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32
Q

The canal is replaced by what at the open medulla/rostral half of the medulla?

A

Replaced by the 4th ventricle

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33
Q

As you move rostrally from the spinal cord,
____ is continuous of the ventral horn
____ is continuous of the dorsal horn

A
  • Basal plate is continuous from the ventral horn (contains motor nuclei)
  • Alar plate is continuous with the dorsal horn (contains sensory nuclei)
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34
Q

What sulcus splits the Alar and the basal plates?

A

Sulcus limitans

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35
Q

What CN is in the most medial basal plate nucleus?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus: CN 12 - somatomotor to skeletal muscle of tongue

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36
Q

What CN is in the second most medial basal plate nucleus?

A

Nucleus ambiguous - CN 9/10

special visceral efferent to skeletal m of larynx and pharynx for swallowing

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37
Q

What is the most lateral basal plate nucleus?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus:
CN10 = parasympathetic
Inferior salivatory nucleus (CN 9 to parotid parasympathetic)

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38
Q

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle laterally?

A

Alar plate containing sensory nuceli (vestibular and solitary nuclei)

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39
Q

What is the most medial alar plate?

A

Solitary nucleus:

  1. viscerosensory from CN 9/10 for cardiovascular and respiratory input (carotid body and sinus)
  2. special sensory for taste cn 7, 9, 10
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40
Q

what is the second most medial alar plate?

A

Spinal nucleus of CN 5 - general somatic afferent for somatosensory (pain and temp) of head

41
Q

what is the second most lateral alar plate?

A

Vestibular nuclei of CN 8 (inferior and medial)

- special sensory afferent for balance

42
Q

What is the most lateral alar plate?

A

Cochlear Nucleus of CN 8

- Special sensory afferent for auditory

43
Q

What will you find in the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the open medulla?

A

Afferent to cerebellum from spinal cord and medulla oblongata

44
Q

What will you find in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (with the tectospinal tract) of the open medulla?

A

Coordinates movement of eyes and body with vestibular input for overall balance/equilibrium

45
Q

What will you find in the medial lemniscus of the open medulla?

A

Cuneatus and gracilis have merged

46
Q

What will you find in the inferior olivary nucleus of the open medulla?

A

Involved in relaying signals to cerebellum

47
Q

What is the ventral surface of the pons called?

A

Basilar Pons

48
Q

What is the dorsal surface and floor of 4th ventricle called?

A

Pontine tegmentum

49
Q

What will you find in the transverse pontine (pontocerebella) of the basilar pons?

A

Relay afferent signals to cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

What will you find in the corticospinal and corticobulbar fiber tracts of the basilar pons?

A

Corticospinal - somatomotor from precentral gyrus to body

Corticobulbar - somatomotor from precentral gyrus to head

51
Q

What will you find in the facial colliculus of the tegmental pons?

A

CN 7 fibers

52
Q

What will you find in the superior cerebellar peduncle of the tegmental pons?

A

efferent fibers from cerebellum to brain stem and cortex

53
Q

What will you find in the middle cerebellar peduncle of the tegmental pons?

A

afferent fibers from cortex

54
Q

What will you find in the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the tegmental pons?

A

afferent fibers from medulla and spinal cord to brain stem

55
Q

What will you find in the trigeminothalamic of the tegmental pons?

A

afferent somatosensory from head to cortex

56
Q

What will you find in the lateral lemniscus of the tegmental pons?

A

auditory relay circuit to inferior colliculus for auditory reflex movement of head

57
Q

What will you find in the rubrospinal tract of the tegmental pons?

A

efferent motor to arms

58
Q

What will you find in the tectospinal tract of the tegmental pons?

A

efferent motor to neck/shoulders

59
Q

What will you find in the spinal nucleus tract of CN 5 of the tegmental pons?

A

descending limbic and hypothalamic fibers to autonomic control centers in medulla and spinal cord

60
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

Facial nucleus CN 7

A

muscles of facial expression

61
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

abducens nucleus CN 6

A

eye muscles (lateral rectus)

62
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

Spinal trigeminal nucleus cn 5

A

pain/temp from face

63
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

superior olivary nucleus

A

relay in auditory pathway

64
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

trapezoid body

A

relay in auditory pathway

65
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

medial/inferior vestibular nucleus (also found where?)

A

Also in medulla

66
Q

Nuclei of the caudal pons:

superior salavatory nucleus

A

fibers are part of cn 7 to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands

67
Q

Nuclei of the rostral pons:

main sensory nucleus of CN 5 (continuation of what)

A

continuation of spinal trigeminal nerve

68
Q

Nuclei of the rostral pons:

motor nucleus of CN 5

A

to muscles of mastication

69
Q

Nuclei of the rostral pons:

mesencephalic nucleus CN 5

A

proprioception of jaw

70
Q

Nuclei of the rostral pons:

locus ceruleus

A

part of reticular formation (Norepinephrine)

pain modulation

71
Q

Nuclei of the rostral pons:

raphe nucleus

A

part of reticular formation (serotonin)

pain modulation

72
Q

Lateral lemnicus, medial lemniscus, trigeminothalamic, and spinothalamic merge where and go where?

A

Merge at the rostral pons and carry somatosensory to post central gyrus

73
Q

What are the 3 layers of the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A 
Dorsal = tectum
intermediate = tegmentum
ventral = crus cerebri
74
Q

The cerebral peduncles are a combination of what two layers of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles = crus + tegmentum

75
Q

What layer of the midbrain is the superior colliculi found and what does it do?

A
  • Dorsal layer (tectum)

- Visual reflex (head turn)

76
Q

What layer of the midbrain is the inferior colliculi found and what does it do?

A
  • Dorsal layer (tectum)

- Auditory head turn

77
Q

T/F the corpora quadrigemina is found in the dorsal layer (tectum) of the midbrain

A

True

78
Q

T/F the Tegmentum is continuous of the pontine tegmentum

A

True

79
Q

What do you find in the crus cerebri, the ventral layer of the midbrain?

A

Somatomotor

Corticobulbar and spinal tracts

80
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

81
Q

What is the tectum mostly composed of?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

82
Q

What is the posterior commissure located in the tectum layer of the midbrain?

A

Posterior commissure - located rostral by CN 3 nuclei

- Coordinates eye movements

83
Q

What two tracts end when moving from the tegmentum at the level of the inferior colliculus to the level of the superior colliculus?

A
  • Decussation superior cerebellar peduncle

- Lateral lemniscus (afferent to inferior colliculus for auditory reflex)

84
Q

T/F the crus cerebri at the level of the inferior colliculus is equal to the level of the superior colliculus

A

True

85
Q

What do you find in the most lateral segment of the crus cerebri of the midbrain?

A

Parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex to pontine nuclei/cerebellum

86
Q

What do you find in the most medial segment of the crus cerebri of the midbrain?

A

Frontal lobe to pontine nuclei/cerebellum

87
Q

What segment is the 2nd most lateral segment of the crus cerebri of the midbrain?

A

Corticospinal tract

88
Q

What segment is the 2nd most medial segment of the crus cerebri of the midbrain?

A

corticobulbar tract

89
Q

What do you find in the inferior colliculus of the tectum of the midbrain?

A

Auditory reflex
Afferent input - cochlear, superior olivary, trapezoid nuclei via lateral lemniscus
Efferent output - to thalamus via brachium of inferior colliculus

90
Q

What do you find in the superior colliculus of the tectum of the midbrain?

A

Visual reflex
Afferent - from retina
Efferent - to cervical spine via tectospinal for head turning and tracking

91
Q

What do you find in the pretectal region of the tectum of the midbrain?

A

Located rostral to superior colliculus

- papillary light reflex

92
Q

What do you find in the substantia nigra of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

Substantia nigra - part of basal ganglia (motor)

93
Q

What do you find in the periaquiductal gray (PAG) of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

PAG - Autonomic regulation, emotion, and modulation of pain

94
Q

What do you find in the trochlear nerve nuclear CN 6 of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

Eye movement superior oblique muscle (down and medial)

95
Q

What do you find in the reticular formation of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

Including raphe nuclei

96
Q

What do you find in the occulomotor n nucleus CN 3 of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus?

A

Somatomotor - superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique (lavator palpebrae)
Autonomic motor - iris constriction, ciliary muscle for accommodation

97
Q

What do you find in the red nucleus of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus?

A

Motor modulation flexor muscles via rubrospinal tract

98
Q

What do you find in the ventral tegmental area of the tegmentum of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus?

A

Part of basal ganglia motor modulators

Neuro anatomy Exam 1 (13 decks)

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