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UNIT 9- Neurology > 9-1 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

9-1 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the structures of the nervous system?

8

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • sensory receptors
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors in the skin
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2
Q

The brain is surrounded by the _____ and contains about ________.

A
  • skull

- 100 billion neurons

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3
Q

The spinal cord connects to the _____ and is surrounded by the bones of the?

A
  • brain

- vertebral column

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4
Q

The spinal cord contains about how many neurons?

A

100 million

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5
Q

What structures are contained in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

What structures are contained in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors in skin
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7
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

Where do they emerge from?

A
  • 12 pairs

- from the base of the brain

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8
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

Where do they emerge from?

A
  • 31 pairs

- from the spinal cord

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9
Q

What are:
specialized cells that monitor change in the internal and external environment?
-Example?

A

sensory receptors

-photoreceptors in the retina of the eye

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10
Q

What are:
small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord?
-Example?

A

ganglia

-dorsal root ganglion

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11
Q

What is:
Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the
gastrointestinal tract that help regulate the digestive system?

A

enteric plexus

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12
Q

What are the complex tasks carried out by the nervous system?

A
  • sensing smell
  • touch
  • temperature
  • producing speech
  • remembering past events
  • provides signals that control body movement
  • regulates operation of internal organs
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13
Q

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory function
  • Integrative function
  • motor function
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14
Q

Is sensory function afferent or efferent?

A

afferent (conducting inward or to something)

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15
Q

Which of the three functions of the nervous system is defined as:
-Detect internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves.

A

sensory function

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16
Q

Which function of the nervous system is:

  • Perception = awareness of sensory input
  • Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses
A

integrative function

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17
Q

Which function of the nervous system is defined as:
-Once integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves.

A

motor function

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18
Q

Is motor function afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

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19
Q

Nervous tissue consist of what two types of cells?

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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20
Q

Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system, such as thinking, sensing, remembering, and controlling.

A

neurons

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21
Q

Support, nourish, protect the neurons and maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid around neurons

A

neuroglia

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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon terminals
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23
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and typical organelles

A

cell body

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24
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

dendrites

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25
Which part of the neuron does this describe: | Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle, or gland
axon
26
Which part of the neuron does this describe: | Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters
axon terminals
27
What are the two processes (extensions) that emerge from the cell of most neurons?
- dendrites | - axon
28
What is: | -the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell can communicate?
synapse
29
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
in the synaptic vesicles
30
What are the three structural classes of neurons?
- multipolar - bipolar - unipolar
31
``` Which structural class of neuron: Have several or many dendrites and one axon ```
multipolar
32
Which structural class of neuron is the most common type in the brain and spinal cord?
multipolar
33
``` Which structural class of neuron: Have one dendrite and one axon ```
bipolar
34
Where are bipolar neurons found?
- retina of the eye - inner ear - olfactory area of the brain
35
``` Which structural class of neuron: Have fused dendrite and axon ```
unipolar
36
The dendrites of most unipolar neurons function as?
sensory receptors
37
Most unipolar neurons are located in the?
ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
38
What are the three functional classes of neurons?
- sensory - motor - interneurons
39
``` Which functional class of neuron: Convey impulses into CNS through the cranial or spinal nerves ```
sensory
40
``` Which functional class of neuron: Convey impulses away from the CNS ( through cranial/spinal nerves) to the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands) ```
motor
41
Most sensory neurons are ______ in structure.
unipolar
42
Most motor neurons are _________ in structure.
multipolar
43
Which functional class of neuron: - located within the CNS - transmit impulses between neurons
interneurons
44
Most interneurons are __________ in structure.
multipolar
45
What are: | Cells are smaller but much more numerous than neurons and make up about half the volume of the CNS
neuroglia
46
What are the 3 functions of neuroglia?
- do not generate or conduct nerve impulses - support, nourish and protect neurons - in case of injury/disease, multiply to fill space formerly occupied by neurons
47
What are the 6 types of neuroglia? | MEAOSS
- microglia - ependymal cells - astrocytes - oligodendrocytes - schwann cells - satellite cells
48
Which type of neuroglia forms the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
49
Which type of neuroglia produce myelin in the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
50
Which type of neuroglia protects CNS cells from disease?
microglia
51
Which type of neuroglia form CSF in ventricles?
ependymal cells
52
Which type of neuroglia produce myelin around PNS neurons?
schwann cells
53
Which type of neuroglia support neurons in PNS ganglia?
satellite cells
54
What is a: | many-layered covering composed of lipid and protein surrounding the axon of most neurons?
myelin sheath
55
What insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse?
myelin sheath
56
Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon are called?
nodes of ranvier
57
What happens to the amount of myelin from birth to maturity?
it increases
58
Disease, such as ______ and _______ destroy the myelin sheath.
- multiple sclerosis | - tay-sachs
59
What is a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS?
ganglion
60
What is a cluster of cell bodies located in the CNS?
nucleus
61
What is a bundle of axons that are located in the PNS?
nerve
62
What is a bundle of axons located in the CNS?
tract
63
Tracts interconnect neurons in the _____ and the ______.
- spinal cord | - brain
64
White matter is composed primarily of?
myelinated axons
65
Gray matter contains:
- cell bodies - dendrites - unmyelinated axons - axon terminals - neuroglia
66
Describe how white and gray matter are located in the brain
Gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter
67
Describe how white and gray matter are located in the spinal cord
White matter surround centrally located gray matter | “H” or “butterfly”
68
Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if the cell body is in intact and if what is functional?
schwann cells
69
What 2 factors effect regeneration of the CNS system?
- very limited even if the cell body is intact | - inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues
70
Neurons communicate with one another by means of? | otherwise called nerve impulses
action potential
71
Action potential in muscle and neurons depends on what two basic features?
- resting membrane potential | - ion channels
72
When muscle and neurons are "at rest" (not conducting action potentials), the voltage across cell membrane is called?
resting membrane potential
73
What allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration?
ion channels
74
What are the two types of ion channels in muscle fibers and neurons?
- leak channels | - voltage channels
75
What is the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories?
CNS
76
The PNS can be subdivided into what 3 categories?
- somatic nervous system (SNS) - autonomic nervous system (ANS) - enteric nervous system (ENS)
77
Convey info from head, body wall, limbs, and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell) to the CNS
sensory neurons of the SNS
78
Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles only (voluntary control)
motor neurons of the SNS
79
Convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS
sensory neurons of the ANS
80
Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)
muscle neurons of the ANS
81
What is the "brain of the gut"?
ENS

UNIT 9- Neurology (4 decks)

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