9-2 Central Nervous System Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
The spinal cord is located within the?
A
vertebral canal
2
Q
What protects the spinal cord?
A
- vertebral column
- vertebral ligaments
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid
3
Q
What are the three layers of the meninges?
A
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
4
Q
Which layer of meninges:
- is the outer most layer
- tough dense connective tissue
A
dura mater
5
Q
Which layer of meninges:
- middle layer
- resembles spider web
- extends into the subarachnoid space
A
arachnoid mater
6
Q
Which layer of meninges:
- inner layer
- thin and delicate
- adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
- contains blood vessels
A
pia mater
7
Q
Subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with?
A
cerebrospinal fluid
8
Q
Describe the location of the epidural space?
A
between vertebrae and dura mater
9
Q
The spinal cord extends from the ______ to the?
A
- medulla oblongata
- 2nd lumbar vertebrae
10
Q
What are the two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres?
A
- anterior median fissure
- posterior median sulcus
11
Q
Where is the central canal located?
What is it filled with?
A
- in the center of the gray matter
- cerebrospinal fluid
12
Q
The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31
13
Q
What are two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?
A
roots
14
Q
What contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?
A
posterior root
15
Q
What contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic)
which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?
A
anterior root
16
Q
Has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses
A
white matter
17
Q
What receives and integrates incoming and outgoing
information and is a site for integration of reflexes?
A
gray matter
18
Q
What structure contains:
- neuronal cell bodies
- dendrites
- unmyelinated axons
- axon terminals
- neuroglia
A
gray matter
19
Q
Gray matter is subdivided into left and right regions called?
A
horns
20
Q
Each left and right region of the gray matter has how many horns?
-What are the names? (relative to their position)
A
- 3
- anterior, lateral, posterior
21
Q
Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies and axons of neurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?
A
posterior horn
22
Q
Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles?
A
anterior (ventral) gray horns
23
Q
The lateral horn is only present in the?
A
thoracic and upper lumbar segments
24
Q
What portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
A
lateral gray horns
25
What has myelinated axons, gray or white matter?
white matter
26
What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain?
sensory (ascending) tract
27
What is an example of the sensory tract?
spinothalamic tract
28
What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain?
motor (descending) tract
29
What is an example of the motor tracts?
corticospinal tract
30
Fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli
reflexes
31
Reflexes can be classified as?
- simple
| - complex
32
What are the two levels of reflexes?
- spinal reflex
| - cranial reflex
33
Which level of reflex is this:
- simple
- reflex arc
- example: patellar reflex
spinal reflex
34
Which level of reflex is this:
- simple
- occurs in the brainstem
- example: gag reflex
cranial reflex
35
Spinal nerve are part of which nervous system?
peripheral
36
Spinal nerves connect the ____ to the ______ receptors and muscles of the body
- CNS
| - sensory
37
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
-31 pairs
38
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the cervical region?
| -Thoracic?
- 8
| - 12
39
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the lumbar region?
- sacral?
- coccyx?
- 5
- 5
- 1
40
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by which roots?
- anterior (motor) root
| - posterior (sensory) root
41
Sensory information goes through which root?
dorsal
42
Motor information goes through which root?
anterior
43
Individual axons are wrapped in?
endoneurium
44
Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called?
fascicles
45
Fascicles are wrapped in?
perineurium
46
What is the superficial covering over the entire nerve?
epineurium
47
Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called?
plexuses
48
Which plexus supplies the posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm?
cervical plexus
49
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
- which vertebrae?
- what is the action
- phrenic nerve
- c3,c4,c5
- innervates the diaphragm to contract
50
Which plexus supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles?
brachial plexus
51
What are the three examples of the brachial plexus?
| -Which vertebrae are they associated with?
- radial nerve (C5-T1)
- ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
- axillary nerve (C5-C6)
52
Which plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of lower limbs?
lumbar plexus
53
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
| -which vertebrae?
- femoral nerve
| - L2- L4
54
Which plexus supplies buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs?
sacral plexus
55
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
| -which vertebrae?
- sciatic nerve
| - L4-S3
56
Spinal nerves T2-T11 are called?
intercostal nerves
57
The intercostal nerves supply muscles of the ______, between the ______, and the skin of the ______ and ______.
- abdomen
- ribs
- chest and back
58
What two structures protect the brain?
- cranium
| - cranial meninges
59
The brain is only ___% of the body's weight, but requires __% of the body's oxygen supply.
- 2
| - 20
60
How long can the brain go without oxygen before it leads to permanent damage?
4 minutes
61
A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and
| surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries.
circle of willis
62
The circle of willis stems from how many carotid arteries?
2
63
Clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste.
cerebrospinal fluid
64
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?
choroid plexus
65
What are the four major parts of the brain?
- brain stem
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- cerebrum
66
Which part of the brain is this:
- continuous with spinal cord
- contains the medulla oblongata, ponds, midbrain
brain stem
67
Which part of the brain is this:
- superior to brain stem
- contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
diencephalon
68
Which part of the brain is this:
- posterior/inferior
- balance, equilibrium, and coordination
- "little brain"
cerebellum
69
Which part of the brain is the largest and most superior part?
cerebrum
70
What are the major regions of the brain stem?
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
71
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the blood vessels
- medullary rhythmically area regulates breathing
medulla oblongata
72
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
- contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves VII-XII (8-12)
medulla oblongata
73
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception lie in the posterior portion of the?
medulla
74
"bridge" which connects the medulla to the midbrain and above
pons
75
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
- connects left to right sides of the brain
pons
76
Which region of the brain stem contains nuclei that:
- motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum
- helps control breathing
- associated with cranial nerves V
pons
77
Which region of the brain stem is described:
- connects the pons to the diencephalon
- cerebral peduncles
- substantia nigra
- red nuclei
- superior/inferior colliculi
mid brain
78
Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from
| cerebrum to the rest of brainstem and spinal cord
cerebral peduncles
79
Loss of which neurons are related to Parkinson disease?
substantia nigra
80
The midbrain contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerves?
III and IV
81
Involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual
| stimuli
superior colliculi
82
Response to auditory input and startle reflux
inferior colliculi
83
What are the three major regions of the diencephalon?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
84
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- major sensory relay center
- contributes to motor function
- plays role in consciousness
thalamus
85
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- Important for homeostasis
- Control of pituitary and hormone production
- Control and integration of the ANS
- Control of body temperature
hypothalamus
86
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
- Regulation of eating and drinking
- Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
hypothalamus
87
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
| -secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body's biological clock
pineal gland
88
How many hemispheres are in the cerebellum?
2
89
Which major portion of the brain has these functions:
- sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes,
- equilibrium receptors in inner ears and visual receptors
- helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
- helps execute skilled motor activities
- regulates posture and balance
cerebellum
90
Broad band of white matter containing axons that connect the right and left spheres internally
corpus callosum
91
What is the one ganglia that is in the CNS?
basal ganglia
92
What are the folds of the cerebrum called?
gyri (gyrus)
93
What are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?
sulci (sulcus)
94
Each hemisphere has how many lobes?
| -what are they?
4
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
95
What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?
central sulcus
96
What is the primary somatosensory area?
postcentral gyrus
97
What lobe is the primary visual area?
occipital lobe
98
What lobe is the primary auditory area?
temporal lobe
99
What is the primary motor area?
precentral gyrus oft he frontal lobe
100
Ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
limbic system
101
What is also called the emotional brain?
limbic system
102
-Plays primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in
behavior
-Controls the nervous system's involuntary behavior related to survival
-Functions with parts of the cerebrum in memory development
limbic system
103
Which hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning
left side
104
Which hemisphere is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?
right side
105
What is cranial nerve I?
olfactory
