9 + 10 Flashcards
(28 cards)
most bacteria exist within a ________ and is held tgt by a sticky matrix of ___ + ____ + ____
biofilm = complex community of bacteria
attaches to & grows on surface
polysac / protein / DNA
4 classes of optimal growth temperature
1/ psychrophiles: deep water 5C, aquatic species
2/ thermophiles: 60C, compost host and hot spring
3/ mesophile, best characterized: grow in warm blooded creatures / soil & aquatic environments of tropic regions
4/ hyperthermophiles: 95C
distinct btw obligate aerobe / obligate anaerobe / facultative anaerobe / aerotolerate anerobe / microaerophile
1/ requires O2 2/ intolerates O2 3/ grows best in o2 but can grow without 4/ insensitrive to O2 4/ requires very lil air
distinct btw acidophiles / neutrophile / extreme acidophile
acidophile: pH 5 (useful in food industry e.g active culture on yogurt)
neutrophile: pH near 7, can grow both in (a) & (b) environemnt
extrme acidophile: pH 1-2; some archeal species
how are some bacteria able to remain metabolically inactive?
1/ when enviroments became unfavouurable, become slow and non-dividing/growing
=. can even escape antibiotics
2/ endospores: desiccation has lil effect
remain viable even under boiling water, ethanol, radiation
+. durable
describe the bacterial population growth curve
Lag phase: adapt to new environment, change nutr condition; legth depend on metabolic activity in micro pop
Log phase: enter active growth (all cell undergo repeated cell cycle)
Stationary phase: O2 & nutr becomes depleted, waste accumulates (cell remain alive but stop divind)
Decline phase: if nutr not replenished, protein sysnthesis stop, celles behin to die
stationary phase vs decline phase
with stationary phase, cells are still alive but nondividing . with later, cell begin to die.
(1) O2 + nutr become depleted (2) not replenished
if a bacteria is insensitive to O2 / can survive in 60C / ph = 5, what is it?
aerotolerate anaerobe, thermophile, acidphophile
if a bacteria requires lil O2 + but need high salt concentration and grow in 95C, what is it?
micraerophile / halophile / hyperthermophile
if bacteria can grow in both acidic/alkalinic environemnt with water moving the cell and deep water 5C?
neutrophile / in non-saline environment / psychrophile
what is the first stage of cell cycle?
metabolic growth: cell < in mass _ size / enzymes splitting the bonds in cell wall, glycan layer so cells able to stretch and exapnd
synthesis of protein, phospholipid , others
check point
in DNA replication- 2nd stage of cell cycle- what do the bacteria create and how?
DNA! by copying bacterial chromosome
have 2 identical copy in a cell and split
checkpoint!
what happens in binary fission?
partition forms @ mid 0cell & cells split in half (cytokinesis)
cytoskeleton protein forms fission ring apparatus to enrure 2 nearly equal daughter cells are formed
speed of septum material dissolves determines aggregation
how does microbe grow/
through sexual production- forming new cells while maintaining genetic consistency
what does enzyme do?
< the probability of the rxn happening (w.o being consumed by rxn itself)
=> lowers activation E needed for rxn
is highly specific: target 1 rxn
has an active site
requires in lil amount bcs can be reused
GER LEO
gain electron - reduction
loose electron- oxidation
what is sequence of rxn?
each is catalyzed yb a diff enzyme
prpduction of 1 rxn becomes the substrate of another
substrate -> intermediate - final production
fdbk inhibition
competitive inhibitor blocks active site
feedback inhibition vs competitive inhibitor?
first prevents overproduction vs blocks active site ov enzyme
hydrolysis vs phosphorylation?
hydrolysis: ATP -> ADP + energy
phoshorytlation: ADP w/ energy -> ATP
Pathway for ATP production?
Glycolysis -> citric acid -? oxidative phosphorylation
what is the ATP roduction’s equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 32 ADP + 32P -> 6CO2 + 6 H20+ 32 ATP
list 3 other pathways to ATP production and describe them
carb: from mono/disacc/polysacc (sucrose -> glucose & fructose)
fat: glycerol bvreak crom fatty acids to make 2C units
protein: enzyme converts am.a into energy pathway component via deamination: remove amino -> carbonyl group
cellular respiration vs fermentation
the last needs an oxygen-depleted environment
make fewer ATP than cell.resp
pyruvate catabolyzed into a diff products
phytosynthesis energy fixing vs carbon fixing?
(1) light dependent rxn:
- oxidizing water creates O2 + electron
ATP synthase => ATP and NADPH
(2) calvin cycle
- CO2 fixed into larger carb
P: cytoplasm of cyanobacteria E: chloroplast
