9/11 notes

Question 1

what is an argument

Answer 1

a series of statements that try to prove a point

Question 2

what is a point the argument is trying to prove called

Answer 2

conclusion

Question 3

what are the statements that try to prove an argument called

Answer 3

premises

Question 4

type of argument where you prove points by providing decisive evidence for truth of their conclusion

Answer 4

sound deductive evidnce

Question 5

arguments that dont prove their points but provide some evidence although not decisive for truth of their conclusions

Answer 5

cogent indcutive

Question 6

provide no evidence for truth of their conclusions. have false premises or commit a fallacy

Answer 6

unsound/uncogent

Question 7

modus ponens

Answer 7

1)if p then q
2) P
Therefore q

Question 8

modus tollens

Answer 8

1)if p then q
2)not q
therefore not p

Question 9

disjunctive syllogism

Answer 9

1) p or q
2)not q
therefore p

Question 10

hypothetical syllogism

Answer 10

1)if p then q
2)if q then r
therefore is p then r

Question 11

constructive dilemma

Answer 11

1)p or q
2) if p then r
3) if q then s
therefore r or s

Question 12

denying the antecedent

Answer 12

replicates modus tolens, this is a fallacy
incorrect:
1)if p then q
2)not p
therefore not q

Question 13

affirming the consequent

Answer 13

superficially resembles modus ponens

Question 14

fallacy

Answer 14

mistake in form of reasoning

Question 15

fallacious arguments

Answer 15

-promises if true is still completely irrelevant to truth of the conclusion

Question 16

arguments that are based on probabilistic reasoning are called

Answer 16

inductive

Question 17

inductive statistical argument

Answer 17

N% of A’s are B (where 50<N<100)
x is on A
Therefore x is B

Question 18

Inference to best explanation

Answer 18

1)P
2)the best explanation for P is theory T
Therefore T

Question 19

argument from analogy

Answer 19

x is F
Y is like x
therefore Y is F

Question 20

appeal to authority

Answer 20

Inductive:authority claims make us think the conclusion is true

1)s says that P
2)s is an authority figure regarding the truth or falsity of P
therefore P

Question 21

inductive generalization

Answer 21

every A is observed so far is F
therefore all A’s are F

strength concerns (i) sample size (ii) the likely homogeneity of all the members of the kind.

Question 22

hasty generalization

Answer 22

fallacy

-small sample size, group is not homogenous in relevant aspects then such generalization = fallacy

Question 23

small sample size is not enough to cause fallacy if the group is

Answer 23

homogenous