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Question 1

Hydronium

Answer 1

H3O(+)

Question 2

Hydroxide

Answer 2

OH(-)

Question 3

Equilibrium

Answer 3

Forwards and reverse reaction are occurring at the same rate (but not necessarily the same amounts)

Question 4

pH

Answer 4

The concentration of hydronium ions

Question 5

Superposable

Answer 5

When you superimpose one thing on another and it is exactly the same

Question 6

Chiral

Answer 6

Superimpose mirror images on each other and they are not the same

Question 7

Isomer

Answer 7

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

Question 8

What are the 2 major types of Isomers?

Answer 8

• constituational: same molecular formula but different connectivity
• stereoisomer: same connectivity but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 9

Stereoisomers

Answer 9

• enantiomer: mirror images of each other

- diastereomers: not mirror images of each other

Question 10

Biological importance of Chirality

Answer 10

The binding specificity of a chiral receptor site for a chiral molecule is usually favorable in one way

Question 11

Potential energy

Answer 11

Stored energy

Question 12

Kinetic energy

Answer 12

Energy of motion

Question 13

What are enzymes?

Answer 13

Organic catalysts- reduces activation energy and can be used over and over again

Question 14

Activation energy

Answer 14

Energy needed to start the reaction

Question 15

Models of enzymes

Answer 15

Lock and Key model: the shape of the enzyme never changes and enzyme can only work on one substrate

Induced fit model: the substrate induces enzyme to change shape and upon release the enzyme returns to its original shape

Question 16

Active site

Answer 16

Where enzyme and substrate meet

Question 17

Substrate

Answer 17

What the enzyme is working on

Question 18

Enzyme substrate complex

Answer 18

When the enzyme and substrate are together

Question 19

Spontaneous reaction

Answer 19

The amount of energy in products is lower than the amount of energy in reactants (released energy= exergonic reaction)

Question 20

Gibbs Free E

Answer 20

Energy that can be used to do work (products-reactants) normally a negative #

Question 21

Non spontaneous reaction

Answer 21

Energy of products is greater than the energy of the reactants (Gibbs free E = positive #)

Question 22

Endergonic reaction

Answer 22

Not spontaneous, needs to be couples with exergonic reaction (energy released from exergonic reaction needs to be greater than energy required for an endergonic reaction)

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

Molecule that carries energy

Question 24

Coupling

Answer 24

Energy from an exergonic reaction is used to help an endergonic reaction occur —> entropy is always increasing

Question 25

Is there a difference in free E between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions?

Answer 25

No! Net energy is always the same, activation energy may be different however

Question 26

Transition state

Answer 26

State in which substrate has the highest potential E

Question 27

Mechanisms

Answer 27

- bring substrates into close proximity - orient substrates into proper direction - provide suitable environment needed (works better in acidic/basic environment)

Question 28

Cofactors

Answer 28

Minerals, binds to enzyme and helps configure enzyme into correct shape

Question 29

Coenzymes

Answer 29

Vitamins

Question 30

Competitive inhibition

Answer 30

Competes for active site, if inhibitor binds, then substrate cannot bind

Question 31

Non competitive inhibition

Answer 31

Inhibitor that binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site)--> changes shape of enzyme ---> enzyme is ineffective -the substrate can still enter the active site but nothing will happen

Question 32

Allosteric activation

Answer 32

Changing enzyme from inactive to active state

Question 33

Allosteric inhibition

Answer 33

Changing enzyme from active to inactive state

Question 34

Suffix of Enzymes

Answer 34

-ase, like peroxidase or sucrase