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Question 1

Plasticity:

Answer 1

we are malleable and able to adapt to new things and learn new things

Ie as a university student you can take many diff classes

Question 2

Specificity

Answer 2

choosing specific aspects to focus on (very well honed to specific things)

Ie as a uni student you can take many classes in one department and be very informed in one aspect

Question 3

One issue of specificity is what if you choose something that is harmful to you and Plasticity takes a lot of energy and resources

Answer 3

Solution: we should exhibit plasticity around birth to adulthood, after that phase we start to be specific, our brain can start pruning unnecessary information and reserve that energy

Question 4

Sensitive period for language is around

Answer 4

adolescence

Question 5

As children age in school, they have to deal with:

Answer 5

More complex relationships
More independence
Bigger classrooms
More workload

Question 6

immigrant children

Answer 6

Immigrant children have to deal with the above list and a lot more issues

Question 7

Heritage identification

Answer 7

Parental involvement is a positive association to heritage identification

Encouraging heritage language maintenance is a positive association to heritage identification

Mainstream language spoken at home is a negative association to heritage identification

Question 8

Mainstream identification

Answer 8

Parents encouraging mainstream adoption is a positive association to mainstream identification

Encouraging heritage language maintenance is a negative association to mainstream identification

Mainstream language at home is positively associated with mainstream identification

Question 9

Heritage identification and mainstream identification influence psychological outcomes and cultural competence

Question 10

Microsystem

Answer 10

People that are closest to the child

Question 11

proximal process

Answer 11

people closest to child will also interact with each other

Question 12

Mesosystem

Answer 12

Collection of proximal process

Question 13

Child’s acculturation are affected by microsystem, and the people in the microsystem are also affected by others in the microsystem

Question 14

When determining whether some cultural variable shapes some aspect of psychology we look at a culture that is

Answer 14

high in one variable vs a culture that is low in that same variable

Question 15

If the goal is to see universatily of aspect of psychology

Answer 15

Ie: sea foragers vs highly industrialized society with different merit system etc…
~~~If there is something similar between them, then the factor should be universal

For example kinship is universal (seen everywhere: heavily industrialized society, communist societies, etc)

Question 16

We generate research ideas using different approaches

Answer 16

Deduction:
Induction:
Abduction:

Question 17

deduction

Answer 17

general to specific

Question 18

deduction example

Answer 18

1)Theory: overarching framework that organizes and explains phenomena and data
Generates hypothesis that test boundaries of the theory

2)Theories have a hypothesis: a tentative statement about a relationship that may/may not be true

3)Prediction: specific statement regarding the expected outcomes of a study

Question 19

induction

Answer 19

sepcific->general

Question 20

induction example

Answer 20

Observation-> hypothesis-> theory/general expectation

Question 21

induction example

Answer 21

Observation: every time i eat peanuts my throat swells

Hypothesis: the next time i eat peanuts my throat will continue to swell up

Theory: every time anyone eats peanuts, their throats will swell up

Question 22

abduction

Answer 22

choosing the most likely explanation for an observation(Explaining one observation and that’s all)

Question 23

abduction example

Answer 23

Observation: patient presents with shortness of breath, headache, fatigue

What happened:
Anemia, covid, vitamin b12 deficiency, SARS, acute stress

Out of all the things that could cause these symptoms we are looking for the most likely explanation

Might see this in legal justice system: prosecutor showing the evidence, defense trying to analyze the evidence

Question 24

Text, narrative, personal experience

Answer 24

qualitative type of data

Question 25

numerical

Answer 25

quantitative type of data

Question 26

to describe

Answer 26

qualitative goal

Question 27

To identify social regularities

Answer 27

quantitiatve goal

Question 28

Typically inductive (specific -> general)

Answer 28

qualitative type of research

Question 29

Typically deductive (general-> specific)

Answer 29

quantitative

Question 30

Unstructured(free flowing conversation, no preparation) or semi-structured (series of questions prepared, but if something interesting comes up, there is room for discussion)

Answer 30

qualitative

Question 31

Structured (specific questions and answers you're looking for)

Answer 31

quantitative

Question 32

sample size is small

Answer 32

qualitative

Question 33

sample size is large

Answer 33

quantitative

Question 34

large quantity of information per participant

Answer 34

qualitative research

Question 35

Variable quantity (numerical data, easier to sift through)

Answer 35

quantitive

Question 36

type of analysis: Interpretation

Answer 36

qualitative research

Question 37

statistical analyses (type of analysis)

Answer 37

quantitative research

Question 38

Depends (on sampling technique) Random sampling: good generalizability Sampling just your friends: not as generalizable

Answer 38

qualitative

Question 39

generalizability: depends(on sampling technique)

Answer 39

quantitative

Question 40

Explicit measure:

Answer 40

Asking participants to directly report their thoughts and emotions Ie self report questions

Question 41

Implicit measures

Answer 41

Measures attitudes over which participants have no conscious control Ie: Ease of making associations Ie: implicit associations task

Question 42

Behavioral measures

Answer 42

Actual behaviors related to conceptual dependent variable Ie: among of food eaten

Question 43

Neurological measures

Answer 43

Uses neuroimaging techniques to determine neurological changes and role of neural structures Ie fMRI

Question 44

Physiological measures

Answer 44

Bodies automatic reactions to stimuli, excluding changes in brain Ie: Galvanic skin response

Question 45

quantitative measures

Answer 45

explicit, implicit, behavioral, neurological, physiological, surveys

Question 46

Response biases

Answer 46

systematic tendency to respond to questionnaire items on some basis other than the specific item content-> threatens validity of cross-cultural comparison

Question 47

Psychological surveys often done using

Answer 47

number scales

Question 48

Moderacy bias:

Answer 48

people from one cultural group tend to choose the middle option (moderate option) Doesn't want to express extreme positions on either end (East asian participants )

Question 49

Extremity bias

Answer 49

if you feel one option, you choose the extreme (if you agree, you choose strongly agree) Hispanic participants

Question 50

One solution to bias

Answer 50

Use yes/no questions Forced choice questions Ie: What would you rather eat for breakfast? ~~~Hot oatmeal or lumpia What are some drawbacks of doing it this way? You cant see the variability in answers Someones could feel more strongly about their yes than another person who answered yes

Question 51

Quantitative methodology: Socially desirable responding:

Answer 51

giving a response that is more socially appropriate rather than their actual behavior

Question 52

socially desirable responding

Answer 52

Participants who have E asian background are more likely to give socially desirable response Ethnic minority groups in US (african americans, asian americans, and hispanic americans) are more likely to engage in socially desirable responding than are European americans

Question 53

Solutions for socially desirable responding:

Answer 53

1)Administer questionnaire anonymously, ensure anonymity 2)use separate measure to assess participant's tendency to engage in desirable responding

Question 54

socially desirable responding occur in 2 different motivations:

Answer 54

1)Self deception :people are lying to themselves ~~Data from countries of Western people have self deception as motivation for socially desirable responding 2)image management: they want to respond in a way that is positive to look good for others ~~Data from E asian have image management as the motivation for socially desirable responding

Question 55

Qualitative data

Answer 55

1)You want to understand the culture you are assessing ~~It is important for the researchers when they work with people from a different background to understand the norms/practices of the culture

Question 56

Research design (qualitative data)

Answer 56

Researchers must understand norms and practices of other cultural environments Risk conclusions based on faulty information and assumptions if you dont

Question 57

research design (qualitative method) are accomplished through

Answer 57

ethnographies(immersing yourself in a culture to closely observe), international collaboration (collaborators can educate you on the culture youre assessing)

Question 58

Field research

Answer 58

Cultural psychologists go into the field to examine human psychology ~~Collect data in the field about research questions ~~field=anywhere not in the lab

Question 59

Ethnography

Answer 59

comprehensive collection of data and knowledge about a particular cultural group

Question 60

Indigenous people’s research

Answer 60

Indigenous research methodologies make heavier use of qualitative methodologies than current mainstream academia Cultural practice of oral tradition-> greater familiarity with expressing qualitatively ~~Storytelling from elders (transferring of information)

Question 61

Focus groups:

Answer 61

~~unstructured/semi-structured (venue for participants to share their thoughts) ~~Allow for natural interactions among participants ~~Assertive speakers may dominate groups

Question 62

Talking circles (more indigenous)

Answer 62

~~Participants treats everyone else with equal respect ~~One person speaks at a time ~~Symbolizes sharing, respect, continuous compassion for each other

Question 63

Indigenous research not found

Answer 63

~~Mainstream psychology's reliance on quantitative methods- indigenous knowledge receives little recognition (because they use more qualitative methods) Many psychologists are not trained in interpreting qualitative data and results ~~Few indigenous researchers (vs non indigenous) ~~Not enough people producing indigenous knowledge ~~No appreciation or recognition of indigenous methodologies

Question 64

Two-eyed seeing approach (created by dr.cheryl bartlett, elder murdena marshall, and elder albert marshall)

Answer 64

Mixing western research methods with indigenous worldviews (specifically Mi’kmaq) Western science, especially STEM AND psychology, with tools for breaking down and isolating mechanisms Indigenous ways of knowing emphasize relationships and patterns across generations throughout ancestral history (passed down stories from generation to generation) Involves partnerships between communities, elders, and western trained scientists

Question 65

Amalgamating methods: cultural products

Answer 65

forms of communication, created by people within a cultural environment that reflect the overall psychology of the people in a cultural environment ~Looking at the general consensus over a cultural product ~Assumes the general opinion of people in a cultural group Ie: do people like liam hemsworth? We can see how often he shows up in posters, ads, etc..