stats? Flashcards
(31 cards)
linear regression analysis:
b
b=the slope of the line of best fit in raw units; describes relation between predictor and criterion variable (ie: a 1 unit increase in x is associated with an increase of b in y) controlling for other predictors
beta
Beta=similar to b, but after all variables have been forced onto the same metric
p value
p=likelihood that we obtained this result by chance (the results are not real- its simply luck/chance that we got this result; interpreted by multiplying it by 100%
Memetic View
A meme is similar to a gene
Although cultural evolution happens quickly, it happens in similar ways as biological evolution
Meme is a “unit of cultural transmission” which propagates itself “by imitation”
A meme may be of any size, randing from a single word to a complex behavioral pattern
Memes (process of cultural evolution) evolve in similar process as those involved in genetic evolution IN 3 WAYS:
1)replication
2)variation
3)selection
1)Replication:
A meme is copied through imitation
Imitation allows for vertical, horizontal, and oblique transmission, making meme replication very rapid
Memes are high in fecundity-spreads rapidly
2)Variation
When a meme undergoes mutation (ie modification through misinterpretation) or recombination (2 or more memes combined)
New memes are produced in this manner, leading to “innovations”
Both mutation and recombination are common in transmission of memes, so memes are high in fidelity(copied exactly) at first, then low over time (when people understand the meme and use it in their way)
3)Selection
When different memes have different rates of retention in memory
Those that are retained more likely to be spread to others
Memes more likely to be retained if they are associated with:
~survival/reproductive advantage
~Economic advantage
~Positive affect (ie stay happy, stay positive)
~Fear
~Easy communicability
Socialization experience
28 weeks (around 7 months)
fetus starts reliable response to acoustic stimulation (fetus has developed good acoustic system to be able to respond to it)
Background noise (noise floor):
Fetus is surrounded by background noise including maternal respiration, maternal organ activity (respiration and intestinal), maternal physical activity
Other factors obscuring perception of external sounds:
~Tissues and fluids surrounding fetal head
~Route of sound transmission into fetal inner ear
~Sensitivity of fetal hearing mechanisms
In order for intelligible speech to reach the fetus
it must surpass background noise and other factors obscuring speech (similar to being underwater)
sleep=biological necessity
but..
But parameters of sleep not universal
Asian babies sleep less than western babies (except for vietnam) with an avg difference of 1.5 hours
Japanese babies sleep the least
Comparing cultural backgrounds
European babies sleep longer than asian babies
Asian babies have higher sleep latency (takes longer for them to fall asleep) than european babies
Asian babies have higher sleep problems than european babies
Sleep problem questions
Subjective ratings: especially problematic with cross-cultural comparisons
What constitutes sleep problems
Lack of objective definitions-cross culturally applicable of sleep problems
Differing views on infant co sleeping/sleeping alone
European children are more likely to sleep alone, asians children more likely to sleep in parents room or the parents bed
Some say co sleeping with parents is better promotes infant and parent bonding and easier to breastfeeding
Some people say cosleeping with baby is just as dangerous
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Evidence for dangers of co-sleeping:
Majority of sudden and unexpected infant deaths during sleep occurred outside of crib
Bed sharing associated with 5 times higher likelihood of SIDS
Co sleeping may be associated with thermal stress (infants are bad at regulating body temp, they have too much body heat), airway obstruction, or rebreathing of parental expired air
Evidence against the dangers of co-sleeping:
As co sleeping has increased significantly over time, SIDS death in the parental bed have significantly decreased
Risk factor are not causes - association of co sleeping and SIDS most commonly found in conjunction with other factors
Cultures that do more co sleeping actually have fewer SIDS cases than cultures that do less co sleeping
The percentage of cultures that have more bed sharing have the lowest SIDS rate
Recommendations for co sleeping:
No smoking, alcohol, or drug use around the baby in bed or for adults before going to bed
Babies should be placed on their backs
Mattress should be stiff, bed sheets should be tight, beds should not have cracks or crevices
Babies should not be able to fall into crevices, get stuck in mattress, get rolled in sheets
Avoid couches. Don’t let them sleep on couches.
Baumrind broke down parenting into two primary dimensions:
responsiveness and demandingness
Responsiveness (baumrind)
degree of warmth, support, and acceptance vs parental rejection and non responsiveness
Baumrind’s typology:
Authoritative: High demand and high responsiveness
Child centered, high expectations, focused on child’s emotional regulation
Authoritarian: high demand and low responsiveness: high demands, strict rules, little open dialogue
Permissive: low demand, high response: few rules, limits, and controle
Rejecting-neglecting: low response, low demand: disengaged, not supportive, no limits or monitoring, focused on own needs
Demandingness:
degree to which parents are controlling and demanding
Western research consistently arrives at one finding
authoritative perceived parental warmth and acceptance, autonomy, self-reliance, better school achievement
Non-western parenting styles
Typology does not take into account parenting styles that exist in other cultures
