9/4/13

Question 1

Neurotransmitter at the ganglion

Answer 1

Acetylcholine (Nicotinic receptors)

Question 2

Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular synapse

Answer 2

Acetylcholine (nicototinic receptors)

Question 3

Neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglion synapse

Answer 3

norepinephrine (alpha/beta receptors)–> except at sweat glands (acetylcholine, nicotinic receptors) and adrenal medulla (preganglionic, acetylcholine, nicotinic receptors)

Question 4

Sympathetic fibers come from what regions

Answer 4

Thoracic and lumbar

Question 5

Parasympathetic fibers come from which regions

Answer 5

Spinal, cranial

Question 6

Pain and temperature are sensed by which type of afferents of the ANS

Answer 6

sympathetic

Question 7

The parasympathic afferents sense what

Answer 7

mechano and chemosensory

Question 8

Receptor that is usually excitatory

Answer 8

aplha 1

Question 9

Receptor that increases heart rate and contractility and renin release

Answer 9

beta 1

Question 10

Receptor that leads to smooth muscle relaxation

Answer 10

beta 2

Question 11

receptor that mediates inhibition of andergenic responses

Answer 11

alpha 2

Question 12

Sympathetic activation leads to (diffuse/discrete) because its postganglionic fibers are (short/long)

Answer 12

diffuse, long

Question 13

parasympathetic activation leads to (diffuse/discrete) because its postganglionic fibers are (short/long)

Answer 13

discrete, short

Question 14

the predominant tone in arterioles, veins, and sweat glands is (parasympathetic/ sympathetic)

Answer 14

sympathetic

Question 15

Describe the process of how the heart responds to high MAP at the carotid sinus and aortic arch

Answer 15

aortic arch and carotid sinus send signals to the medulla–> medulla sends signals via vagus efferents to slow down heart rate

Question 16

Describe the process of formation of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 16

tyrosine hydroxlase acts on tyrosine–> DOPA decarboxylates to Dopamine–> dopamine enters vesicle via VMAT and reacts with DBH to form norepinephrine–> adrenal medulla PNMT converts it to epinephrine

Question 17

What are the degradation products of epinephrine/norepinephrine and dopamine that can be measured in the urine

Answer 17

VMA, HVA

Question 18

degradation enzyme of the catecholamines found in the mitochondria

Answer 18

MAO

Question 19

degradation enzyme of the catecholamins found in the cytoplasm of effector cell

Answer 19

COMT

Question 20

Drugs that inhibit intraneuronal storage in vesicles, deplete NE

Answer 20

Resperine, Guanethidine

Question 21

Drug that substitutes for NE in storage vesicle, false transmitter

Answer 21

alpha-methyldopa

Question 22

Drugs that inhibit release of NE

Answer 22

Bretylium, Guanethidine

Question 23

Drug that release NE from vesicles

Answer 23

Amphetamine, ephedrine, tyramine

Question 24

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of NE in neuron

Answer 24

Imipramine, amitriptyline

Question 25

alpha 1 receptor works by this G-protein

Answer 25

Gq

Question 26

beta 1 and 2 receptors work by this G-protein

Answer 26

Gs

Question 27

alpha 2 receptor works by this G-protein

Answer 27

Gi (inhibits N-type and P-type calcium channels which are needed for neurotransmitter release)

Question 28

How do beta 1 receptors work in the heart

Answer 28

Gs--> adenylyl cyclcase converts ATP to cAMP--> cAMP activates PKA--> PKA leads to reactions that eventually lead to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

Dobutamine is an agonist for this receptor

Answer 29

beta 1

Question 30

metoporol is an antagonist for this receptor

Answer 30

beta 1

Question 31

terbutaline and albuterol are agonists for this receptor

Answer 31

beta 2

Question 32

Phenylephrine is an agonist for this receptor

Answer 32

alpha 1

Question 33

Prazosin is an antagonist for this receptor

Answer 33

alpha 1

Question 34

Clonidine is an agonist for this receptor

Answer 34

alpha 2

Question 35

Yohimbine is an agonist for this receptor

Answer 35

alpha 2

Question 36

Decreased aqueous humor production is a result of this receptor being activated

Answer 36

alpha 2

Question 37

Increased aqueous humor production is a result of this receptor being activated

Answer 37

beta 2

Question 38

Order of physiologic regulators for alpha 1 receptor

Answer 38

NE=E>DA>> ISO

Question 39

Order of physiologic regulators for beta 1 receptor

Answer 39

ISO>E=NE>DA

Question 40

Order of physiologic regulators for alpha 2 receptor

Answer 40

NE>E>>>ISO

Question 41

Order of physiologic regulators for beta 2 receptor

Answer 41

ISO>E>>NE