9 - Forest Certification

Question 1

Competing certification systems have emerged, each with clear links to ______________.

Answer 1

interest groups

Question 2

Define Certification:

Answer 2

Programs that “certify to standards that have been developed and approved through a rigorous and open process”.

Question 3

What are the two business and policy objectives of forest certification?

Answer 3

• Voluntary or mandatory adoption
• “Soft law of industry”; sometimes regulated

Question 4

What does Forest Certification require?

Answer 4

An achievement of objectives in product quality or performance, beyond regulatory requirements.

Question 5

What does third party certification provide for customers?

Answer 5

It provides confidence to customers that product quality & performance are being upheld.

Question 6

What key question does Forest Certification ask?

Answer 6

Does the product, process, person, etc, meet certain agreed upon set standards?

Question 7

When did Forest Certification begin?

Answer 7

1990

Question 8

What are some critical components of Forest Certification?

Answer 8

• Criteria
• Indicators
• Guidelines

Question 9

What do the criteria, indicators and guidelines shape if Forest Certification?

Answer 9

Operational performance towards environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

Question 10

What are the two objectives of Forest Certification?

Answer 10

• Improve SFM
• Assure consumers / public forest products come from sustainability managed forests (I.e., Legal)

Question 11

Define Forest Management Certification:

Answer 11

Inspection “on the ground” against specified standards & review of documents.

Question 12

Provide an example of Forest Management Certification:

Answer 12

Examples: Plans and Inventories

Question 13

Define Chain of Custody Certification:

Answer 13

Certified timber is followed from forest to end consumer purchase.

Question 14

Provide examples of Chain of Custody Certification:

Answer 14

Examples: Harvesting, Transportation, Processing, etc.

Question 15

What are the three categories of Forest Certification advantages?

Answer 15

1. Companies
2. Consumers
3. Civil Groups

Question 16

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do companies receive?

Answer 16

• Increased market share
• Increased prices
• Increased social acceptance

Question 17

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do consumers receive?

Answer 17

Increased consumer influence:
- Appeals to and enables consumers wanting to make environmentally informed decisions they expect will be less damaging to the environment and society.

Question 18

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do civil groups receive?

Answer 18

Increased non-government or civil society influence:
- Shifts some regulatory and enforcement into hands of non-government actors, and more power.

Question 19

What is the internationally accepted ‘golden rule’ of standardization for forest certification?

Answer 19

All standards must be approved and issued by a standards development organization, with a date indicating when it becomes valid.

Question 20

FSC uses ___________________ of which they are the sole shareholder***.

Answer 20

Accreditation Services International (ASI)

Question 21

What is the three-step normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

Answer 21

1. Develop
2. Audit
3. Certify

Question 22

Who provides input in the ‘Develop’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

Answer 22

Multi-interest committee

Question 23

What is done in the ‘Develop’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

Answer 23

3rd party approval that requirements met for process of development, content, public review and approval.

Question 24

What is done in the ‘Audit’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

Answer 24

• Certification bodies that do auditing must be accredited.
• 3rd party confirms independence and competency to complete audit.

Question 25

What is done in the 'Certify' stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

Answer 25

- Audit confirms conformity with requirements of approved standard. - Certification awarded for management practices or product meeting set standards.

Question 26

What are the two key international forest certifications in Canada?

Answer 26

1. Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification 2. Forest Stewardship Council

Question 27

What are the two national forest certifications in Canada that branch from the *Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification*?

Answer 27

1. **Canadian Standards Association** (CSA) 2. **Sustainable Forestry Initiative** (SFI)

Question 28

What is the national forest certification in Canada that branches from the Forest Stewardship Council?

Answer 28

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Question 29

What is the CSA?

Answer 29

Canadian Standards Association

Question 30

What is the SFI?

Answer 30

Sustainable Forestry Initiative

Question 31

What is the FSC?

Answer 31

Forest Stewardship Council

Question 32

What are the three major credible standards recognized in Canada?

Answer 32

1. FSC 2. CSA 3. SFI

Question 33

When was the FSC implemented? Who is involved in the FSC? and what is addressed in the FSC?

Answer 33

- Established in 1993 - International ENGOs - Principles and criteria

Question 34

When was the CSA implemented? Who is involved in the CSA? What is addressed in the CSA?

Answer 34

- Established in 1995 - Governments and Industry - Built directly CCFM C&I

Question 35

When was the SFI implemented? Who is involved in the SFI? What is addressed in the SFI?

Answer 35

- Established in 1994 - Industry - Performance Measures

Question 36

According to he CCFM, what four things do all three systems (SFI, CSA, and FSC) do?

Answer 36

- **Set high thresholds** for companies to reach, beyond Canada's rigorous regulatory requirements. - **Provide 'stamp or approval'** for customers - buying products originating from forests that meet comprehensive environmental, social, and economic standards - **Issue certificates after a thorough review** and determination of conformity with standards by third-party auditors - Tailored to **consider global forestry issues** and circumstances specific to Canada.

Question 37

What are the seven examples of elements and indicators by the CSA?

Answer 37

1. Ecosystem Diversity 2. Species Diversity 3. Forest Ecosystem Resilience 4. Soil Quality and Quantity 5. Communities and sustainability 6. Aboriginal and Treaty Rights 7. Fair and Effective Decision Making

Question 38

What is the forested area in North America?

Answer 38

677,000,000ha

Question 39

What forested area in Canada is certified?

Answer 39

158,000,000 (29%)

Question 40

What is the worlds forested area?

Answer 40

3,952,000,000ha

Question 41

What percent of the worlds forests are certified?

Answer 41

9%

Question 42

_____ countries have PEFC-endorsed standards.

Answer 42

30

Question 43

_______ countries have certified forests.

Answer 43

26

Question 44

_____ countries have FSC Certification.

Answer 44

81

Question 45

Independent verification provides added _____________ of responsible forest practices.

Answer 45

assurance

Question 46

____________ among private certification organizations linked to public, private and civic interests.

Answer 46

Competition

Question 47

What is the role of interest group vs. government in forest certification?

Answer 47

- Interest groups taking arguments to governing bodies of certification organizations. - Government's changing role in protection & policy.