9 Markets Flashcards
(4 cards)
Explain and analyse 3 ways liberals have viewed the state
P1 - limited state - John Locke - Enlightment - consent if people - separation of powers ( link to US)
P2 - Enabling state - John Rawls - increase taxation public spending - stronger public services allow individuals full potential positive freedoms more active role to improve opportunities
P3 - promotion of tolerance - John Stuart Mill harm principle . Betty Friedan legislation to minorities
Explain and analyse 3 ways liberals view the economy
1) Classic liberals - free market capitalism limited gov intervention. John Locke - individuals natural right to property protected by gov . Adam smith- economy best run by free market minimal state - should protect property rights - critics say can lead to economic inequality
2) social liberals - Mixed economy with state intervention to correct market failures. John Mill flaws unregulated capitalism limit freedom. Keynes Keynesian economy during economic downfall gov should increase punbliv spending- influence post WW11 welfare state progressive taxation.
3) Neo liberals - excessive gov intervention limits Indiv freedom. Hayek
Free market limited state - privatison, deregulation tact cuts . Thatcher and Reagan reduced state intervention promoted globalisation.
Explain and analyse 3 ways liberals view human nature
1) Classic liberals- humans are rational act in own self interest. John Locke - individuals capable of making choices that fufill own self interest - leading to economic and social progress- underpins belief on free markets and limited gov. Critics argue humans influenced by emotions
2) rational and capable of moral and intellectual development. Modern liberals. John Rawls- education, democracy and social instition enable individual to fufill potential- supports universal education, social welfare and civil rights- ensure individuals have opportunities to improve themselves. More optimistic
3)Human nature shaped by both reason and social conditions. Woolstonecraft beleived woman like men posses rationality and ability to be virtous but societal norms and their lack of education prevent them from fufilling potential. Challenges tradit view that women less rational than men. Foundations for liberal feminism. Critics argue focused on middle class white woman. Modern liberals like Betty Friedan-state needed to intervene to tackle gender inequalties- introduce more legislation.
Explain and analyse 3 ways liberal thinkers view society
1) John Locke- society based on a social contract - individuals willingly come together to protect their natural rights.( Life, liberty, property). People form societies to escape uncertainty of state of nature where no formal laws. Justifies limited gov. Assumes level of equality doesn’t always exist in reality, ignoring power imbalances.
2) Society as a means of individual progress. John staurt Mill. Good society promotes individualism, debate, free expression, essential for human progress. Best societies challenge conformity and promote diversity. Justifies his belief for free speech, limited gov ( harm principle). Critics argue Mill underestimated structural inequalities assuming all individuals have the same opportunties.
3) Society should be structured to ensure fairness, particulary for least advantaged. Rawls proposed veil of ignorance. Experiment where people design society without knowing their own social status, ultimatley leading to fairer principles. Led to idea societies should have some level of redistribution.
