9-MINOR BG Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
What term refers to antibodies that are associated with decreased red blood cell survival and can cause transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn
A
clinically significant antibodies
2
Q
What term refers to antibodies that do not cause red cell destruction
A
not clinically significant antibodies
3
Q
What term describes antibodies that exhibit agglutination best observed at or below room temperature
A
cold reacting antibodies
4
Q
What term describes antibodies that exhibit agglutination best observed at 37 degrees Celsius
A
warm reacting antibodies
5
Q
How many blood antigens exist in humans
A
over 200
6
Q
How many distinct blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Group Transfusion
A
30
7
Q
What is a blood group system composed of
A
one or more antigens produced by alleles at one gene locus or closely linked loci that do not recombine
8
Q
What is the inheritance pattern of blood group antigens
A
Mendelian inheritance
9
Q
What term describes alleles where both inherited alleles are expressed
A
codominant alleles
10
Q
What term describes alleles that do not produce antigens
A
silent alleles or amorphic alleles
11
Q
What term describes genes that do not produce antigens but can influence expression
A
regulator genes or modifier genes
12
Q
How is the presence or absence of letter-designated antigens shown in phenotype notation
A
plus sign for present minus sign for absent
13
Q
How is the presence or absence of numerical antigens shown in phenotype notation
A
system abbreviation colon antigen number minus sign for absent
14
Q
What is an example of letter format phenotype notation for the M antigen
A
M+ means M antigen is present
15
Q
What is an example of letter format phenotype notation for the K antigen
A
K- means K antigen is absent
16
Q
What is an example of superscript format phenotype notation for the Duffy system
A
Fy(a+) means Fy a is present
17
Q
What is an example of superscript format phenotype notation for both Duffy antigens
A
Fy(a-b+) means Fy a is absent Fy b is present
18
Q
What is an example of numeric format phenotype notation for the Scianna system
A
Sc:1
19
Q
What is the ISBT antigen numbering system
A
a 6 digit numeric system to identify antigens
20
Q
What do the first three digits of an ISBT number represent
A
blood group system
21
Q
What do the last three digits of an ISBT number represent
A
specific antigen in order of discovery
22
Q
What is the ISBT number for the first antigen in the Kell system
A
6001
23
Q
What is the shortened format for ISBT antigen 006001
A
Kel1
24
Q
Why was the ISBT numeric system created
A
to enable global consistent communication and compatibility with databases and computer systems
25
What are the three ISBT antigen categories
blood group system collections series for rare antigens
26
What are the three types of carrier molecules for blood group antigens
glycoproteins glycolipids proteins
27
What type of molecule is a protein with carbohydrate chains attached
glycoprotein
28
What type of molecule is a lipid with carbohydrate chains attached
glycolipid
29
What type of molecule is a simple or complex chain of amino acids sometimes without sugar
protein
30
What determines the specificity of most glycoprotein antigens
attached oligosaccharide sequence or amino acid sequence
31
Which blood group antigens are carried on carbohydrates
ABO Lewis H I P
32
What defines the structure of blood group antigens
sugar pattern or amino acid sequence
33
What is the function of carrier molecules in red blood cells
carry blood group antigens on the cell surface
34
What type of antigen is made of specific sugar sequences
carbohydrate antigen
35
What determines the type of carbohydrate antigen
unique sugar structure or immunodominant carbohydrate
36
What enzymes add sugars to create diversity in carbohydrate antigens
glycosyltransferases
37
What blood group systems are examples of carbohydrate antigens
ABO Lewis
38
What type of molecule carries carbohydrate antigens
glycoproteins or glycolipids
39
What is the immunodominant structure in carbohydrate antigens
immunodominant sugar
40
What type of antigen is based on membrane proteins
protein antigen
41
What are the two types of protein carrier proteins
single pass carrier protein multipass carrier protein
42
What type of carrier protein crosses the membrane once
single pass carrier protein
43
What is the orientation of type 1 single pass carrier protein
N terminus outside the cell
44
What is the orientation of type 2 single pass carrier protein
N terminus inside the cell
45
What type of carrier protein crosses the membrane multiple times
multipass carrier protein
46
Where are both N and C terminals of multipass carrier proteins located
inside the cell
47
Where are the antigen or glycosylation sites located on multipass carrier proteins
loops between membrane passes
48
What is the beginning of a protein called
N terminal
49
What is the end of a protein called
C terminal
50
What type of antigen is not made by the red cell but adsorbed from plasma
plasma adsorbed antigen
51
What are examples of plasma adsorbed antigens
Lewis antigen Chido Rodgers antigen
52
What is the structure of the red blood cell membrane
lipid bilayer
53
What separates the extracellular and intracellular areas in red blood cells
lipid bilayer
54
What are minor blood groups
blood group systems other than ABO and Rh D
55
What can mismatched minor blood groups cause
transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
56
What are examples of other blood group systems
Lewis I P MNSs Kell Kidd Duffy
57
What blood group systems produce cold reacting antibodies
Lewis I P MNSs
58
What is unique about the Lewis blood group system
antigens are not made directly on red blood cells but produced by tissues and found in body fluids
59
How are Lewis antigens adsorbed onto red blood cells
from plasma via glycosphingolipids
60
What is the common Lewis phenotype at birth
Le a b negative
61
When does Lewis antigen development begin
first week after birth
62
How long can Lewis antigen development continue
up to 6 years
63
What do Lewis genes encode
glycosyltransferase or fucosyltransferase 3
64
What does the product of the Lewis gene do
adds fucose to make Le a antigen
65
What must be inherited to convert Le a to Le b antigen
Le H and Se genes
66
What is the product of the Se gene
fucosyltransferase 2
67
What is the product of the H gene
fucosyltransferase 1
68
What do amorph genes in the Lewis system do
do not produce detectable products
69
What are the two main carrier molecules for Lewis antigens
glycosphingolipids glycoproteins
70
Where is the Lewis antigen found if carried by glycosphingolipids
red blood cell surface
71
Where is the Lewis antigen found if carried by glycoproteins
body fluids
72
What is a glycosphingolipid
fat and sugar structure with sugar attached to a lipid tail
73
What is a glycoprotein
protein and sugar structure
74
Where do glycosphingolipids insert Lewis antigens
into the red blood cell membrane
75
Where do glycoproteins keep Lewis antigens
in secretions like saliva gastric fluid mucus
76
What determines where the Lewis antigen is found
type of carrier molecule
77
What is the ISBT symbol for the Lewis blood group system
LE
78
What is the ISBT system number for the Lewis blood group system
7
79
What is the clinical significance of Lewis antibodies
no clinical significance
80
What happens if Lewis antigen positive blood is transfused to a patient with Lewis antibodies
donor antigens neutralize recipient antibodies
81
Where are Lewis antibodies usually found
Le a b negative individuals
82
Who does not produce anti Le a antibodies
Le a b positive individuals
83
Who rarely produces anti Le b antibodies
Le a positive b negative individuals
84
What is the optimal temperature for Lewis blood group reactions
room temperature
85
What enhances Lewis antibody reactivity
addition of enzymes
86
What phase can Lewis antibody agglutination be observed
immediate spin 37 degrees Celsius antiglobulin phase
87
What is the ISBT symbol for the I blood group system
uppercase I
88
What is the ISBT system number for the I blood group system
27
89
What is the clinical significance of I system antibodies
not clinically significant
90
What type of immunoglobulin are most I system antibodies
IgM
91
At what temperature do I system antibodies react best
room temperature or below
92
What type of antigen is present in newborns in the I system
i antigen
93
What type of antigen is present in adults in the I system
I antigen
94
How does the i antigen convert to I antigen
linear to branched precursor chain as child matures
95
At what age does the i antigen convert to I antigen
about 18 months
96
What enhances the expression of I antigen
addition of enzymes
97
What infection is associated with strong autoanti I
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
98
What infection is associated with anti i
Infectious Mononucleosis
99
What type of antibody is most common in the I system
autoanti I
100
What is the nature of most I system antibodies
cold reacting IgM
101
What eliminates reactivity of I system antibodies
prewarming the tests
102
What enhances detection of I system antibodies
enzymes
103
What is another name for the P1PK and GLOB blood group system
globoside blood group system
104
What defines the P1PK and GLOB blood group systems
carbohydrate based antigens on red blood cells
105
What is the role of P1PK and GLOB systems
blood transfusion compatibility and involvement in certain diseases
106
What happens to the strength of the P1 antigen upon storage
decreases
107
Where is the P1 antigen found
red blood cells secretions plasma hydatid cyst fluid
108
What is the precursor of the P antigen
PK antigen
109
Who lacks the PK antigen
people with a rare phenotype
110
How is the P antigen formed
sugar added to PK by N acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1
111
What is the structure base of the P antigen
lactosylceramide
112
Where is the P antigen found
most individuals
113
What disease is the P antigen involved in
Donath Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
114
What enzyme forms Pk antigen by adding galactose
galactosyltransferase 1
115
What enzyme forms P antigen from Pk
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1
116
How is P1 antigen formed
by adding galactose to paragloboside precursor
117
Which phenotype has both P1 and P antigens
P1
118
Which phenotype has only P antigen
P2
119
What is the null phenotype lacking P1 P and Pk antigens
p
120
Which phenotype has P1 and Pk antigens
P1k
121
Which phenotype has P and Pk antigens
P2k
122
What type of antibody is anti-P1
naturally occurring IgM
123
At what temperature does anti-P1 react best
room temperature or below
124
Is anti-P1 usually clinically significant
no
125
What can neutralize anti-P1 antibodies
soluble P1 substances such as hydatid cyst fluid
126
Which phenotype produces anti-P1 antibodies
P2
127
What type of antibody is autoanti-P
IgG autoantibody
128
With which disease is autoanti-P associated
paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
129
How does autoanti-P cause hemolysis
binds RBCs at cold then activates complement upon warming
130
In which population is autoanti-P seen primarily
children after viral infections
131
What are the four important antigens in the MNSS blood system
M N S s
132
What antigen is closely linked to S and s and always present when they are inherited
U antigen
133
On which glycophorin are M and N antigens located
glycophorin A
134
On which glycophorin are S s and U antigens located
glycophorin B
135
What genes code for glycophorin A and B
GYPA GYPB
136
At which amino acid positions do M and N differ
positions 1 and 5
137
At which amino acid position do S and s differ
position 29
138
What type of molecules are glycophorin proteins
proteins rich in sialic acid
139
What effect does gene dosage have on MNSS antigen reaction strength
homozygous shows stronger reaction
140
Which M N genotype shows stronger reaction
M+N- or M-N+
141
Which M N genotype shows weaker reaction
M+N+ heterozygous
142
What effect do enzymes such as ficin and papain have on MNSS antigens
destroy them
143
Why is enzyme treatment useful in antibody identification
differentiates enzyme sensitive antibodies
144
Why is the U antigen called universal
found in more than 99 percent of population
145
When is U antigen always present
when S and s are inherited
146
What percentage of S-s- individuals are U negative
about 85 percent
147
In which population are U negative cells found
Black population
148
Can a person have no M N S or s antigens
yes
149
Which allele produces no M N S or s antigens
M k allele
150
What is the frequency of the M k allele
0.00064 or 0.064 percent
151
What type of antibodies are anti-M and anti-N
IgM rarely IgG
152
Are anti-M and anti-N usually clinically significant
no
153
Do anti-M and anti-N react with enzyme treated cells
no
154
Can anti-M and anti-N cause hemolytic disease of the newborn or transfusion reactions
rarely if IgG and reacts at 37 degrees Celsius
155
What type of antibodies are anti-S anti-s and anti-U
IgG
156
Are anti-S anti-s and anti-U clinically significant
yes
157
What can anti-S anti-s and anti-U cause
red blood cell destruction and hemolytic disease of the newborn
158
When does anti-U react
with S positive or s positive red cells
159
In which cells does anti-U usually occur
S negative s negative cells
160
What blood units can anti-U patients receive
U negative blood units
161
What population has less than 1 percent frequency of U negative blood
Black population
162
What should be contacted for rare U negative donors
rare donor registry
163
How many major Kell antigens exist
2 (over 20 total)
164
What percentage of population has K antigen
less than 9 percent
165
What percentage of population has k antigen
more than 90 percent
166
When is Kell antigen well developed
at birth
167
How immunogenic is the K antigen
second to D antigen
168
What is the ISBT number for Kell system
6
169
On which chromosome and band is the KEL gene located
chromosome 7 long arm band 34 (7q34)
170
What reagents are Kell antigens sensitive to
sulfhydryl reagents 2 mercaptoethanol dithiothreitol 2 aminoethylisothiouronium bromide
171
What is the ISBT number for K antigen
6001
172
What is the ISBT number for k antigen (Cellano)
6002
173
Name two Kp antigens
Kpa Kpb
174
Name two Js antigens
Jsa Jsb
175
What is Kell null or K0 phenotype
no expression of Kell antigens except related Kx antigen
176
What antibody can develop in K0 individuals after transfusion
anti-Ku
177
What type of blood units should be given to K0 individuals
rare Kell negative units
178
Is Kx antigen part of Kell system
no but related
179
Where are Kx antigens increased
in K0 individuals
180
What type of antibody is Kell antibody
IgG reacting well at antiglobulin phase
181
What causes production of Kell antibodies
immune stimulation transfusion pregnancy
182
Which Kell antibody is most common
anti-K
183
Are k Kpb and Jsb antibodies common
no rare
184
What gene codes for Kx antigen
XK1 gene on X chromosome
185
What happens if XK1 gene is not inherited
Kx antigen absent
186
Which population is XK1 gene absence almost exclusive to
White males
187
What syndromes are caused by XK1 gene absence
McLeod syndrome
188
What red cell morphologies are associated with McLeod syndrome
acanthocytes spur cells reticulocytes immature red cells
189
What disease is associated with McLeod syndrome
chronic granul
190
Which two antigens are responsible for common Kidd phenotypes
Jka and Jkb
191
What is unique about red cells of Jk a b negative individuals
resistance to lysis in 2 molar urea
192
Name the three Kidd antigens
Jka Jkb Jk3
193
What type of antibody are anti-Jka and anti-Jkb
IgG
194
Are anti-Jka and anti-Jkb clinically significant
yes
195
What conditions are anti-Jka and anti-Jkb implicated in
hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn
196
What is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions
anti-Jka and anti-Jkb antibodies
197
When are anti-Jka and anti-Jkb usually detected
with other antibodies
198
In which individuals is anti-Jk3 found
some Jk a b negative individuals
199
In which populations is anti-Jk3 rare
Far East and Pacific Islanders
200
What are the predominant Duffy genes
Fya and Fyb codominant alleles
201
When are Duffy antigens well developed
at birth
202
Are Duffy antigens destroyed by enzymes
yes
203
Do Duffy antigens show dosage effect
yes
204
What type of antibody are Duffy antibodies
IgG
205
Do Duffy antibodies bind complement
no
206
Are Duffy antibodies clinically significant
yes
207
What stimulates production of Duffy antibodies
transfusion or pregnancy
208
Are Duffy antibodies a common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn
no
209
Do Duffy antibodies react with enzyme treated red blood cells
no
210
What is the common Duffy phenotype in African Americans
Fy a b negative
211
Which malarial parasites do not invade Fy a and Fy b negative cells
Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax
212
What is needed for merozoite attachment to red cell
Fy a or Fy b antigen
213
Where is Fy a b negative phenotype frequently found
West and Central Africa
214
What are the two codominant alleles in Lutheran blood group system
Lua and Lub
215
How is Lutheran antigen expression on cord blood cells
weakly expressed
216
What percentage of individuals have Lub antigen
92 percent
217
What is the common Lutheran phenotype
Lu a b positive
218
Is the Lu a b negative phenotype common or rare
rare
219
What immunoglobulins are anti-Lu a antibodies
