901-Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does a desktop computer mean?
A
Referes to a pC that is not designed to be used on the move.
2
Q
What are the two divisions of the computer?
A
- The parts that are designed to be handle by the user (peripheral devices)
- The parts that would be dangerous if exposed.
3
Q
What is the system case?
A
a plastic and metal boxthat houses this second class of components
,such as the motherboard, Central ProcessingUnit (CPU), memory, adapter cards, diskdrives,
and power supply unit.
4
Q
What are the two types of system cases aka chassis?
A
Tower and Small Form Factor (SFF). These types are available in different sizes.
5
Q
What is a tower case and what are the three basic sizes?
A
full,midi, and mini.
6
Q
Describe the full tower:
A
cases are usually used for PCservers -
these require the extra internalspace for additional hard disks
adapter cards, and redundant power supply units.
7
Q
Describe a mid-tower case.
A
cases are used for high-enduser PCs. These PCs do require extradevices and adapter
cards, but not asmany as a server.
8
Q
Describe a mini-tower.
A
cases are usually used foroffice or home PCs
where therequirement for additional internaldevices
and adapter cards is limited.
9
Q
What is a small form Factor SFF case?
A
case designs aresemi-portable, space-saving designs typicallyused for domestic
entertainment “MediaCenter” systems that
will not look out of placein a living room.
They are usually ccube-like orsuper slimline. SFF cases
can only fit a limited number of components
10
Q
What is an all in one desktop?
A
All-in-one means that thecomputer components (except the keyboardand mouse) are contained
within the monitorcase.
11
Q
Define field replaceable units (FRU)?
A
PC components that are easily user-replaceable (or upgradeable) that can be swapped out.
12
Q
What does the front panel do?
A
provides access to theremovable media drives,
a power on / offswitch, a reset switch, and LEDs (LightEmitting Diodes) to indicate drive operation
13
Q
The blanking plate can be found where on a computer?
A
The real panel of the tower.
14
Q
What are input/output (I/O) ports?
A
These allow for the connection of peripheraldevices.
15
Q
Define PSU?
A
Power Supply Unit (PSU) & it has an integral fan exhaust
16
Q
Name parts 1-4
A
- Power supply unit with Fan
- Chassis Fan
- Motherboard Input/Output (I/O) ports
- Expansion card slots covered by blanking plate
17
Q
What steps should you consider when you dissemble a PC?
A
- Take a backup of the harddrive(s) to protect important data
- Create a clean work environment
- gather all necessary tools and equipment
- Make sure all devices are powered off and unplugged from the mains
- Take anti-static precaution to minimize chance of damaging sensative compoents ( ex: processors and memory )
18
Q
What should you do once the power cord is removed as an extra safety measure?
A
Press and hold the power button
for a few seconds as this will ensure that
all circuits within computer are completely de-energized.
19
Q
The main panel is at what direction to the I/O ports?
A
It is the one opposite of the i/o ports.
20
Q
What does a printed circuit board (often called the motherboard, mobo, system board or main board house?
A
houses the processor, chipset,memory, and expansion slots.
The type of motherboard influences system
speed and upgrade capabilities.
21
Q
Define form factor.
A
describes its shape, layout, and the type ofcase and power supply that
can be used motherboard.
*note that two motherboards could be the same but have different layout of components.
22
Q
What are the two design forms of most motherboards?
A
ATX or Micro-ATX design.
23
Q
Define standoffs.
A
These hold the motherboard firmlyand ensure
no other part of it touches thecase. The standoffs
are positioned in holes that line up in the
same position in the caseand the motherboard.
They are either brass/screws/plastic.
24
Q
Name parts 1-5.
A
- CPU slot
- Memory slots
- Connector for disks drives
- Slots for adapter cards
- I/O ports (USB, video, audio etc)
25
Describe the advanced technology extended form factor.
* ATX for short
* Developed in 1995
* Full size are 12" wide by 9.6" deep.
* 7 Slot expansion
26
Describe the micro-ATX.
standard specifies a 9.6" (244x244mm)square board, with fewer expansion slots (upto 4 compared to a maximum of 7 for fullsizedATX boards).
27
Define small form factor SFF.
XPCs and Via's Mini-ITXform factor
28
Describe the Mini ITX.
Mini-ITX is 6.7x6.7" (170x170mm) with one expansion slot.
Thereare also smaller nano-, pico-, and mobile-ITXform factors but these are used for embedded
systems and portables rather than PCs.
29
Define headers & what they can include.
1. Power button / reset button
2. Power light - there may be a separatepower light (LED), though this is usuallypart of the button.
3. Drive (HDD) activity lights - these showwhen an internal hard disk is beingaccessed.
4. USB ports
5. Audio ports
30
Describe 1 &2 in the image.
1) Front panel headers and
2) 9-pin internalUSB header
31
Define jumper.
A jumper is asmall plastic clip containing a metal
conductorthat fits over two contacts
on themotherboard. The position of the clipcompletes
a circuit that configures themotherboard in one way or another.
32
If there is a motherboard reset jumper what could it do?
There may be a motherboard resetjumper.
Setting this may allow you torestore the system
from a failedfirmware update, forgotten system supervisor password, and so on.
33
Describe the power connector.
Thepower connector is usually a 24-pin white orblack block. Fan connectors are smaller.
Therewill be one for the CPU and one or more forthe case fans.
34
Describe 1-4 in the image.
1) Main connector for the PSU (ATX / P1);
2) Dedicated CPU power (EPS12V);
3) CPU fan connector;
4) Chassisand power supply fan connectors
35
How do computers transmit data?
transmit data using electricalsignals and process
and store it usingcomponents called transistors and capacitors.
36
Define a bus.
An electrical pathway on the motherboard
orthrough cabling that carries the signals.
37
Define traces.
a bus isimplemented on the motherboard as tinywires (called traces) running betweencomponents.
38
Describe how a bus works?
The bus carries informationbeing processed by the computer (data) andinformation about where the data is located inmemory (address). The bus also carriespower to a component and the timingsignals that synchronize data transfersbetween components.
39
How are periperal devices connected in "bus architecture"?
Through an expansion bus.
40
Define an internal or local bus.
An internal (or local) bus connects corecomponents, such as the CPU, memory, andthe system controllers.
41
Define an external bus (expansion bus).
allowsadditional components to be connected to thecomputer. These components could beperipheral devices (located outside the case)or adapter cards (located inside the case).
42
What are some examples of external buses?
like SCSI, USB, or Firewire) extends the buswires outside the computer case usingcabling.
43
What does the system clock do?
synchronizes the operationof all parts of the PC and provides the basictiming signal for the CPU
44
What are clock speeds measured in?
Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).
45
Define clock generator and clock multipliers.
clock consists of a clockgenerator that sets up a timing signal andclock multipliers that take the timing signalproduced by the generator and apply amultiplication factor to produce differenttiming signals for different types of bus
46
What is the difference between single ended and differential signaling?
older computer bus types (such as serial and PS/2 ports or VGA displayports) use a method called single endedsignaling. Newer buses (such as USB,Firewire, and PCI Express) use differentialsignaling. The advantage of differentialsignaling is that it allows the use of lowervoltages, reducing power consumption andheat.
47
Descrbe data transfer in parallel.
which means that there aremultiple physical wires to carry the signals. Aparallel bus 32 bits wide would transfer 32bits in each operation.
48
Signaling can be either digital or analog. Describe these.
Computers usedigital signaling, where pulses in the electricalsignal refer to discrete binary values (onesand zeros). Analog is a continuous, variablesignal, just like natural sound waves.
49
Define a bit.
Thefundamental unit of data storage is the bit(binary digit) which can represent 1 or 0. A bitcan be measured in multiples using Kilobit(Kb) and Megabit (Mb).
50
Define the bytes (there are 5).
■
8 bits form a byte (B).
■
1024 bytes make a kilobyte (that is 2 ^10 bytes).
■
1024 kilobytes (KB) make a Megabyte (MB) or 1,048,576 bytes.
■
1024 MB make 1 Gigabyte (GB) or1,073,741,824 bytes.
■
1024 GB make 1 Terabyte (TB).
51
How can binary be devised?
kibibyte [KiB],mebibyte [MiB], and gibibyte [GiB]
52
If you have 2GB memory what does this mean in MB?
this means 2048 MB, not 2000 MB.
53
What is 300gb actually?
300 GB has an "actual"capacity of 286 GiB.
54
How are data transder rates recorded?
Units per second. bit per second (bps), Megabits persecond (Mbps), Megabytes per second (MBps), or Gigabytes per second (GBps)
55
Describe 1-3 in the image.
1) CPU socket;2) Northbridge chipset; 3) Southbridgechipset
56
Define chipset.
chipset is built into themotherboard and cannot be upgraded. Thetype of chipset on the motherboard can affectthe choice of processor and multiprocessingsupport, type and amount of system memorysupported, and type(s) of system bussupported.
57
Chipsets consist of what and what do they do?
Chipsets contain controllers.
58
What do the chipsets in controllers do? And what are some examples of controllers?
handle the transfer of databetween the CPU and various devices.Examples of controllers include the following:
■
System memory controller.
■
PS/2 keyboard and mouse controller.
■
Input / Output (I/O) controller to handleserial ports, parallel ports, floppy disks,disk drives, and expansion buses.
■
Controllers for any integrated video,sound, network (cabled and wireless),and SCSI interfaces.
59
What is the main function of the nothbridge?
is as the system memorycontroller, connecting the processor to RAM.The northbridge also supports other fastcomponents, such as the Accelerated GraphicsPort (AGP) bus, designed for video adapters.The northbridge is connected to the processorthrough the Front Side Bus.
60
What is the main function of the south bridge?
is designed to control all ofthe I/O functions not handled by thenorthbridge. These are older, slowertechnologies, such as USB, serial, parallel, ISAbus, PCI bus, system firmware, diskcontrollers, and onboard audio or networkadapters. The southbridge is connected to theCPU via the northbridge (usually via the PCIbus).
61
Define RAM,
Random Access Memory (RAM) is theworking memory of the PC
62
How does RAM work?
Program code isloaded into RAM so that it can be accessedand executed by the processor. RAM alsoholds data (for example, the contents of aspreadsheet or document) while it is beingmodified.
63
System RAM is volatile, what does this mean?
it loses itscontents when power is removed. SystemRAM is normally packaged as Dual InlineMemory Modules (DIMM) fitted tomotherboard sockets.
64
What is Single Inline Memmory Module?
you may see references to SingleInline Memory Module (SIMM). Thisformat was the precursor of DIMMs buthas been obsolete since the mid-1990s
65
What is Flash memory?
Flash memory is a non-volatile type of RAMincreasingly used in place of or alongside harddisks for persistent storage of data
66
What is BIOS? (Basic Input/Output systen)?
provides industry standard program code thatoperates the essential components of the PCand ensures that the design of eachmanufacturer's motherboard is PC compatible.
67
Why is BIOS described as system firmware?
it consists of both the physicalchip (hardware) and the programs coded intoit (software).
68
The system firmware (BIOS) provides what features?
■
The Poweron Self-Test (POST)diagnostic tests to start the PC.
■
A Real Time Clock (RTC) that keepstrack of the current date and time.
■
Setup menus that allow the low-levelhardware configuration settings of a PCto be viewed and edited
69
Define UEFI (unified extensible firmware interface).
UEFIprovides support for 64-bit CPU operation atboot, full GUI and mouse operation at boot,and better boot security.
70
Older computers use CMOS ram (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). Define CMOS
describes the manufacturing process used tomake the RAM chip.
The CMOS battery is a coincell lithium battery. These batteries typicallylast for 5-10 years.
71
What is NVRAM?
Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) chipsuch as flash memory rather than CMOS RAM.Flash memory does not require battery-backup. A "CMOS battery" is still used topower the Real Time Clock however and maybe referred to as the RTC or clock battery.
72
Industry standard architecture is what? What was it replaced by?
an 8 bit parallel bus. It was replaced ny plug and play in 1993.
73
What does PCI stand for?
Peripheral component interconnect.
74
PCI can support how many devices?
5, but each device can have up to 8 functions.
75
Define bus mastering?
meaning that the device cancontrol the bus to transfer data to and frommemory, without requiring the CPU.
76
Describe the PCI architecture.
is a 32-bit wide parallel busworking at 33.3 MHz, achieving a transfer rateof up to 133 MBps (that is, 32 bits divided by8 to get 4 bytes then multiplied by the clockrate of 33.3).
77
What is the name of what is pictured here?
PCI Adapter and slot form factors
78
What are dual voltage adapter keys ?
64-bit compatible slots and adapters have anextra 60 pins, making the slots distinctivelylonger. A 32-bit card can be inserted into a64-bit slot (so long as it is not a 5V card).
79
Describe a PCI-X (PCI extended).
s an update of PCI,used mainly in server systems. It is a 64-bitparallel interface with supported clock speedsof 66, 133, 266, and 533 MHz. It is backward-compatible with PCI
80
What is the rule for the PCI -X /PCI reverse compatibility ?
PCI X- there are 5V and 3.3Vslots and 5V, 3.3V, and Universal cards; 3.3Vslots will not accept 5V-only cards and 5Vslots will not accept 3.3V-only cards.
81
What does PCIe use to communicate?
PCIe uses point-to-point serialcommunications, meaning that eachcomponent can have a dedicated link to anyother component. Connections are made via aswitch, which routes data betweencomponents and can provide Quality ofService (QoS) to any component that needsit (for example, to prioritize real-time videoover nontime critical data).
82
Define link.
Each point-to-point connection is referred toas a link. The link sends both data andcontrol / timing instructions.
83
Links make use of what?
make use of one or more lanes. Each lane consistsof two wire pairs (four wires in total) usinglow voltage differential signaling. One pair isused to transmit and the other to receive (bi-directional).
84
What are the 1,2 3 & 4?
PCI (1),
x1 PCIe (2),
x8 PCIe (3),
and x16PCIe (4) slots on a GIGA-BYTE motherboard
85
Lanes are usually supported in x1,x4,x8.x16. The switch negotiates the max number of lanes to use. What are the transfer rates?
250MBps in each direction.
86
PCIe can supply how much W power to a device and via what?
75 W to a device via motherboard slot.
87
What is the PCI Express 2 support transfer rate?
500MBps per lane
88
What are the transfer rates PCIe 3 and PCIe 4?
PCIe 3= 1GBps
PCIe 4= 2GBps
89
What is the mini PCI used for?
Small Form Factor version of PCI 2.2. Itsupports 32-bit data transfer at 33 MHz using3.3V signaling.
90
Describe the 3 types of mini PCI cards
■
Type I - uses a 100-pin stackingconnector (at right-angles to the card).
■
Type II - as Type I but designed to bepositioned on the chassis (with anintegrated RJ-45 port for example).
■
Type III - uses a 124-pin SO-DIMM styleedge connector.
91
Describe the mini PCI express.
supporting one lane. The cards have a 52-pinedge connector and are 30 mm wide by 56mm or 32 mm long.
92
Decribe 1-7 in the image.
Motherboard I/O ports 1) PS/2 mouse (green); 2) PS/2 keyboard (purple); 3)Parallel port (burgundy); 4) Serial port (turquoise); 5) USB ports; 6) RJ-45 networkport; 7) Audio ports [audio in (light blue),audio out (lime), and microphone in (pink)]
93
What does USB stand for? And how does it work?
Universal serial bus
USB devices are Plug-and-Play. This means that when a device isconnected via the port, Windows can identifythe device and try to install a driver for it (make the device usable) automatically.Another feature of USB is that devices arehot-swappable. This means that Windowscan detect and configure a device withoutrequiring a restart.
94
Decribe the image.
USB ports.
95
What is the data rate for USB 1.1?
12Mbps (Full speed) or 1.5Mbps (Lowspeed and used for devices like keyboards and mice)
96
What is the data rate for USB 2.0?
480 Mbps
97
What speed does USB 3.0 run at?
SuperSpeed mode. SuperSpeed improvesthe bus bandwidth tenfold (to 5 Gbps or 5000Mbps) and makes the link full duplex, so adevice can send and receive at up to 5 Gbpssimultaneously.
They have two controllers, that support legacy and super speed capable devices
98
Describe the images.
USB plugs (from left to right): Type A,Type B, Mini Type B (5-pin), Micro Type B
99
Describe this image.
Firewire port.
100
Describe the image and how many devices can a single bus connect.
Firewire cable with the alpha 6pin connector
they can connect 63 devices.
101
What speed does Firewire provide ? What transfer mode does it support?
400Mbps and supports isochornous transfer mode.
102
Define isochronous.
isochronous transfermode, where the data rate to a particulardevice is guaranteed, making it very wellsuited to the transfer of real-time data suchas video.
103
Describe the image.
The PS/2 (or mini-DIN) port can be used toconnect a keyboard and mouse to the PC.Both PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports are 6-pin female. To avoid confusion the systemcase usually has symbols and color coding (green for mouse; purple for keyboard) todifferentiate them. PS/2 is a serial bus.
104
What is a personal area network (PAN) and wireless PAN (WPAN).
that a person mightestablish close-range network links with avariety of devices, such as smartphones,tablets, headsets, and printers.
105
What is Infrared Data association and its speeds?
Infrared DataAssociation (IrDA), infrared links typicallysupport speeds up to about 4 Mbps andranges up to about 1m or 3 feet. There arecoding schemes specifying 16, 96, and 512Mbps transmissions
106
Where are IR sensors still used?
IR sensorsare still used on remote controls fortelevisions and set top boxes. IR sensors arealso widely used on mobile devices andwearable technology, such as smartwatchesand fitness monitors,
107
Define blue tooth and its speed rates.
Bluetooth uses radio communications in the2.4 GHz frequency band and supports speedsof up to 3 Mbps. Adapters supporting version3 or 4 of the standard can achieve faster rates (up to 24 Mbps
108
What is the max range on blue tooth?
maximum range of 10m (30 feet),though signal strength will be very weak atthis distance.
109
Define Near Field communication (NFC) & what it is used for.
is avery short range radio link based on RadioFrequency ID (RFID). NFC normally worksat up to 2 inches (6cm) at data rates of 106,212, and 424 Kbps. NFC sensors and used for contactless payment readers or pairing bluetooth devices.
110
What is a NIC?
Network Interface Card (NIC)
111
Define Registered Jack.
RJ (Registered Jack) connectoris a telephonetype connector used withtwisted pair cable for Ethernet local areanetworking products. Twisted pair is a type ofcopper cabling where pairs of insulatedconductors are twisted around one another, tominimize electrical interference.
112
Describe this image.
D-LINK USB-to-Ethernet adapter
113
Describe this image.
RJ-11 port.
114
How do you install an adapter card?
Secure the adapter card to the system casewith a screw. Cover any unused slots withblanking plates, securing them with a screw.
Once the card is installed, boot the PC toWindows and install the necessary drivers.Drivers for most adapters should be installedautomatically through Plugand-Play, though insome cases you may need to check thevendor's site for a driver or a driver update.To configure the adapter, use the relevant applet in Windows Control Panel, Device Manager, or the vendor's supplied software
115
What does Human interface devices do? Provide example:
Input devices (or Human Interface Devices[HID]) are peripherals that enable the userto enter data and select commands.
Keyboard, Mouse
116
Name the three main types of mouse (mice).
Mechanical mpise, optical mouse (ises LED to detect movement), laser mouse- infrared last for greater percision.
117
What is an andress map?
as its own set ofunique memory addresses in an area calledthe I/O address map. The I/O address is ameans for the CPU to communicate with adevice. The address map is a block of systemmemory 65,536 bytes (64KB) in size. The I/Oport is referred to using its hexadecimal (orport) address in the range of 0000-FFFF.
118
What does the I/O address tell the CPU?
An I/O address tells the CPU where to look inmemory to communicate with a device, but itmust also know when to communicate with it!This is accomplished by the device raising anInterrupt Request (IRQ).
119
Define driver.
A driver is software that creates aninterface between the device and theoperating system. It may also include tools forconfiguring and optimizing the device.
120
Define output devices.
Output devices are those that transmitinformation from the computer system to theuser, whether as video (display), audio (speakers), or hard copy (printers)
121
Define liquid crystal displayes (LCD) and how they work.
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) (or "flatpanels") are the standard display type for PCsystems and laptops. Liquid crystals arechemicals whose properties change with theapplication of voltage.
In modern types ofLCD, voltages "twist" the molecules in theliquid crystal to block the passage of light tosome degree to set the pixel to the requiredcolor.
122
What are the three clors in the picture element (pixel) in color LCD cells or subpixels?
with filters togenerate the three primary colors (red, green,and blue
123
How is each picel addressed in LCD?
Each pixel is addressed by atransistor to vary the intensity of each cell, socreating the gamut (range of colors) that thedisplay can generate.
124
What are the two types of Thin film transistor (TFT)?
Twisted Nematic (TN) - producesacceptable results and good responsetimes. Low response times make thedisplay prone to motion blur and "trails".
■
In-Plane Switching (IPS) - thedifferent arrangement of the cells in IPSpanels delivers better color reproductionat a wider range of viewing angles (especially vertical viewing angles) thanTN-type displays. The trade-off is slightlyworse response times.
125
What are the three types of LED, describe each.
Edge lit - the LEDs are arranged aroundthe screen rather than behind it. Adiffuser is used to try to make the lightevenly bright across the whole of thescreen.
■
Backlit - the LEDs are positioned in anarray behind the TFT. This shouldilluminate the panel more evenly. Thedisadvantage is that the panel will beslightly thicker. A full array LED backlightcan also allow for local dimming, wherethe LEDs can be selectively dimmed inzones, improving contrast ratio (andpower efficiency).
■
Color temperature - the backlight caneither generate a uniform white light (WLED) or be composed of somecombination of RGB or GB LEDs, to allowfor different color "temperatures".
126
Define Organic LED (OLED) and its traits.
often used for small screens (in smartphones for instance), though morefull-scale OLED monitors are starting toappear.
ne advantage of OLED is that it doesnot require a separate backlight, making therepresentation of "True Black" much betterand allowing the display to be thinner, lighter,and consume less power. Also, OLEDs can bemade from plastic with no requirement for alayer of glass. This means that the display canbe curved to different shapes.
127
Define digital light processing (DLP).
Each pixel in a DLP deviceis represented by a mirror, which can be tiltedtowards or away from a light source and colorfilters to create the required shade
128
Define plasma display.
uses tiny cells arranged inRGB triads. The cells are filled with gas andmercury; when an electrical charge is applied,the gas forms plasma, which strikes thephosphor and generates the relevant shade ofcolor.
used only for large format, above 36"
129
Define resolution.
Resolution is the number of pixels (pictureelements) used to create the image.Resolution is quoted as the number ofhorizontal and vertical pixels (for example, ifthe resolution is 640x480, the image is 640pixels wide by 480 pixels high)
130
Define aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio is the width of the screendivided by the height. Flat panels are either4:3 or widescreen (16:9 or 16:10), withwidescreen models now dominating themarket
131
Define refresh rate.
is thespeed at which the CRT redraws the image,measured in hertz (Hz). If the refresh rate isnot high enough (below about 70 Hz), therewill be a noticeable flicker as the image isredrawn. This can cause eyestrain andheadache.
132
Define frame rate.
theframe rate is the number of times the imagein a video stream changes per second. Thiscan be expressed in Hertz or Frames perSecond (fps). Note that these two have to be synched.
133
Define response rate.
Response rate is the time taken for a pixelto change color, measured in milliseconds (ms). The best quality TFTs have a responserate of 8 ms or lower
134
Define digital visual interface (DVI). And provide three examples of its successors.
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a digitalinterface designed for flat panel displayequipment. HDMI, DisplayPort, and Thunderbo
135
Name each DVI.
DVI-I single link
DVI-I DUal link
DVI D single link
DVI-D Dual link
DVI-A
136
Between DIV-A and DVI-D which supports analog and wihch supports digital?
DVI-A supports only analogequipment and DVI-D supports only digital.
137
Define HDMI.
The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) supports both video and audio digitalstreams, plus remote control (CEC) and digitalcontent protection (HDCP)
138
Describe some of the trais of HDMI cable.
\*This card will have to be cut down\*
HDMI uses a proprietary 19-pin (Type A)connector. There is a Type B connector (29-pin) to support dual-link connections but it isnot widely used.
HDMI v1.3 introduced the Mini HDMIconnector (Type C) for use on portabledevices, such as camcorders. This is morecompact but has the same number of pins.HDMI v1.4 also introduces the even smallerMicro HDMI connector (Type D), still with 19pins.
HDMI cable is rated as either Standard (Category 1) or High Speed (Category 2).High Speed cable supports greater lengthsand is required for v1.4 features, such as 4Kand 3D.
HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-Dusing a suitable adapter cable. This meansthat (for example) a DVI-D graphics adaptercould be connected to an HDMI port on thedisplay device.
139
Name the port imaged.
DP++
140
What optics do display ports support?
Fiberoptic & copper displays.
141
What two connectins does DP++ allow?
A DP++port allows a connection with DVI-D and HDMIdevices (using a suitable adapter cable).
142
Define and describe the image.
The Thunderbolt (TB) interface wasdeveloped by Intel and is primarily used onApple workstations and laptops. Thunderboltcan be used as a display interface (likeDisplayPort) and as a general peripheralinterface (like USB 3)
Thunderbolt uses the same physical interfaceas MiniDP and is compatible with DisplayPort,so that displays with a MiniDP port can beconnected to a host via Thunderbolt.
143
DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, and Thunderbolt allprovide support for what?
for the Digital RightsManagement (DRM) mechanismHighbandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP). HDCP allows a content source (suchas a Blu-Ray disc) to disable itself if thedisplay adapter and monitor and / or speakersystem do not support HDCP and fail toauthenticate themselves with the playbacksource.
144
Define and Describe the image
The distinctive blue, 15-pin Video GraphicsArray (VGA) port (HD15F / DE-15) was thestandard analog video interface for PC devicesuntil relatively recently. You will find it onmany graphics adapters and display screensbut newer models are starting to exclude it.
145
Define composite video.
Composite Video combines the colorinformation from the three video channels (Red, Green, Blue [RGB]) into a single signal.It is an analog-only interface.
146
Define and describe the image.
S-Video also carries an analog video signal.
S-Video typically uses a 4-pin mini-DINconnector though where it is deployed inCCTV systems with coaxial cabling a BNCconnector may be used.
147
Define component RGB Video.
Component (RGB) Video uses three RCAjacks (one each for the red, green, and blueanalog or digital video signals) and coaxialcable.
148
Define three converter cables
DVI-TO HDMI
DVI OR HDMI TO VGA
DISPLAYPORT/THUNDERBOLD TO DVI
149
Define video card or graphics card adapter.
The video card (or graphics adapter)generates the signal to send to the displayoutput device
150
Define graphics processing unit (GPU)
is amicroprocessor like the CPU, but designed andoptimized for processing instructions thatrender 2D and 3D images on-screen. High-end cards are differentiated based on thefollowing features: clock speed, shader units, frame rate.
151
What are two major graphic Application programming interfaces?
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DirectX - Microsoft's specification.DirectX also specifies sound andmultimedia APIs.
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OpenGL - developed by Silicon Graphics.
152
For an adaptor to work with several monitors what must it supprt?
Multi-Stream Transport (MST)to use daisy chaining. To set up thechain, connect the first cable from thegraphics adapter port to the "IN" porton the first monitor. Connect a secondcable from the "OUT" port on the firstmonitor to the "IN" port on the secondmonitor.
153
What are the two main ways to support touch screen?
A resistive panel converts pressure (applied by a finger or stylus) to electricalsignals.
A capacitive touchscreen has a panelwith a small electrical charge; when auser touches the panel the charge isdissipated.
154
How would you trouble shoot display problems?
Make sure that the monitor is plugged inand turned on. Check that the monitor isnot in standby mode (press a key orcycle the power to the monitor toactivate it).
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Check the connection between the videocard and monitor. Make sure the cable isconnected securely at both ends and isnot loose. Make sure that the cable hasnot become stretched or crimped. Ifthere are dual display ports, check thatthe cable is connected to the right port.
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If the monitor supports different displayinputs (VGA and HDMI for instance),check that it is switched to the correctone.
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Try the monitor with a different PC andsee if it works.
155
If youre seeing flickering, distored images or image quality what should you check?
\*need to cut down\*
Check the video cable and connector. If apin is bent and not lining up with thevideo card connector, this can cause amissing color. If the cable is poor quality,higher resolutions may not be supported.
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If video playback does not work, trylowering or disabling hardwareacceleration (using the slider on theTroubleshoot tab). If this solves theproblem, check for an updated displaydriver.
Increasing DPI makes text larger at aparticular resolution. This is useful for flatpanels that support high nativeresolutions (using a lower interpolatedresolution would make the display"fuzzy"). However, this can causegraphics rendering problems with oldersoftware. Also, Windows may set a highDPI automatically when using a highresolution display device.
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If using a CRT monitor, check refreshrate and resolution settings for the videodriver. If resolution is too high or refreshrate is too low this can cause the screento flicker. On a TFT, check that there isno problem with the backlight.
The screen refresh rate setting is located under advanced display properties on theMonitor tab but TFTs only work at one refresh rate and CRTs are no longer widely used
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If a CRT / analog projector imagegeometry is distorted (a pincushion effectwhere the edges appear to bulge forinstance), try adjusting the monitor'simage control knobs.
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If a TFT image is distorted, check thatthe panel has not been bent or physicallydamaged.
156
How can TFT pixels be rectivated ?
here are software utilitiesavailable to cycle the pixel through a series ofrelatively extreme color states to try to"reactivate" it.
Fixed pixels can also sometimes be"reactivated" by gently pressing or tappingthe affected area of the screen with a stylusor pencil eraser (though there is the risk ofcausing further damage or scratching thescreen). "Dead" pixels (solid black) cannotusually be fixed.
157
Define color calibration or workflow.
refers to a process of adjusting screen andscanner settings so that color input andoutput are balanced
158
Define Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip and explain what DACs do.
contains one or more Digitalto-AnalogConverters (DAC). DACs convert the digitalsignals generated by the CPU to an analogelectrical signal that can drive the speakers.The DSP also provides functions for playingdigital sound (synthesis) and driving MIDIcompatible devices.
159
Describe 1-6 in the image.
1) Audio in; 2) Mic in; 3) Front speakerout; 4) Rear speaker out; 5) Centrespeaker out; 6) S/PDIF RCA sockets
160
Name the image.
TOSLINK connector
161
How is playback achieved on a computer ?
Playback is achieved via speakers orheadphones, which are connected to thesound card via an analog or digital audio jack
162
The quality of audio playback is determined by what?
quality of audio playback is determined bythe card's frequency response, which is thevolume that can be produced at differentfrequencies.
163
Define MIDI.
MIDI (Musical InstrumentDigital Interface) functions can be used tocontrol MIDI equipment (such as asynthesizer or drum machine).
164
Define Optical character recognition (OCR)
Optical CharacterRecognition (OCR) software can be used toconvert scanned text into digital documents,ready for editing.
165
How does a flatbed scanner work?
A flatbed scanner works by shining a brightlight, usually from a Cold CathodeFluorescent Lamp (CCFL), at the object,which is placed on a protective glass surface.A system of mirrors reflects the illuminatedimage of the object onto a lens. The lenseither uses a prism to split the image into itscomponent colors (Red, Green, and Blue) orfocuses it onto imaging sensors coated withdifferent color filters.
166
How does a barcode reader work?
barcode is a pattern of different sized parallelbars, typically representing a product number,such as an ISBN, EAN, or UPC. The readeruses a sensor mechanism (one of a photodiode, laser, or CCD) to read the intensity oflight reflected back by the barcode.
167
What are the two TV broadcast formats?
ATSC (Advanced Television SystemCommittee) - digital format used in NorthAmerica.
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DVB-T / DVB-S / DVB-C - Digital VideoBroadcasting (DVB) formats (Terrestrial,Satellite, and Cable) used everywhereelse. The second generation formats (such as DVB-T2) are for HD broadcasts.
168
What does MPEG stand for?
Moving Pictures Expert Group
169
What is a video caputre card?
Video capture cards are similar but do notfeature any sort of reception antenna. Theytake a video feed directly from playbackequipment, such as a camcorder or VHS tapedeck, and convert to a suitable multimedia fileformat for editing on the computer.
170
What are the three formats mass storgage can be store data?
Mass storage devices use magnetic, optical,or solid state technology to store data.
171
Define host bus adapters.
Host Bus Adapters (HBA) provide aconnection point for internal mass storagedevices, such as hard drives, optical drives,and tape drives.
172
Define SATA.
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is the standard means of attachinginternal storage drives to a desktop PC. It hassuperseded the legacy Parallel ATA (PATA)technology.
173
Name the image.
SATA connector on motherboard, there are 4 in the picture.
174
What are some of the traits of SATA.
SATA transfers data inserial format.
The cables areterminated with compact 7-pin connectors.Each SATA host adapter port supports a singledevice. SATA is a hot swappable interface.This means that a compatible drive can beconnected or disconnected while the system isrunning.
175
Name the image.
SATA cable.
176
Describe 1-4 in the image.
1) Bezel;
2) 5.25" drive bays;
3) 3.5" drivebays;
4) Floppy drive bay
177
Define CD
Compact disk
A CD is a layer of aluminum foil encased inprotective plastic, which canalso incorporatea label or screen-printed image on the non-playing side. The foil layer contains a series ofpits and spaces in-between (called lands)arranged in a spiral.
178
How was data recorded on to a recordable CD
(CDR)?
Aspecial laser is used to transform the dye,mimicking the pits and lands of a normal CD,in a process called burning.
179
Define WORM (in terms of a CD)
Write OnceRead Many (WORM) media. Data areas oncewritten cannot be overwritten. If there isspace, a new session can be started on thedisc
180
What are the three different types of CDs by color book?
Red book:
Audio CDs (16-bit sampled at 44.1 Hz).
Yellow book:
Data CDs with error correction (Mode 1)or without (Mode 2). Mode 2 makesmore space available but is only suitablefor use with audio and video where smallerrors can be tolerated.
Orange book:
Defined the unused CD-MO and the morepopular CD- R and CD-RW.
181
What are the components of a CD drive?
A CD drive consists of a spindle motor (tospin the disc), a laser and lens (to read thedisc), and a tracking system to move thelaser and lens assembly.
182
What are the region codes for CDs?
The following codes are used:
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Region 0 - no coding (that is, playback is unrestricted).
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Region 1 - Canada and the US.
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Region 2 - Europe, the Middle East, Japan, South Africa, and Egypt.
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Region 3 - SE Asia.
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Region 4 - South America, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Region 5 - Russia, parts of Africa, and parts of Asia.
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Region 6 - China.
183
What are the region codes for blue ray disks?
Region A - America, Japan, and SE Asia.
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Region B - EMEA, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Region C - Russia and Central Asia (including China).
184
Define solid state storage.
Solid state storage is any type of persistentdigital storage technology that does not usemechanical parts.
185
Define flash memory.
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), also referred to as NAND flash.Flash memory is non-volatile because it doesnot need a power source to retaininformation.
186
Digital data supports how much in uncompressed capacity?
support up to 36 GBuncompressed capacity.
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