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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

acquiring new behaviors

a change in behaviors that occurs in response to a stimulus

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreased response as a result of repeated exposure to the same stimulus

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3
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of a response

usually as a result of a second stimulus (temporary)

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4
Q

associative learning

A

creation of an association between two stimuli or between a behavior and response

a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

conditioning which uses biological/instictual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli (pavlov)

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus

with repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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6
Q

acquisition

A

the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

extinction

A

occurs when an organism becomes habituated to a conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

when an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented and a weak conditioned response occurs

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9
Q

generalization

A

a broadening affect

stimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response

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10
Q

discrimination

A

occurs when the organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning in which behavior is changed through the use of consequences

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12
Q

reinforcement

A

the process of increasing the likelihood that the organism will perform the behavior

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

process that hopes to increase the likeliness of behavior with incentives

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14
Q

negative reinforcement

A

process that hopes to increase the likeliness of a behavior by removing something unpleasant

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15
Q

escape learning

A

behavior is done to reduce the unpleasantness of something already existing

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16
Q

avoidance learning

A

behavior to reduce unpleasantness of something that has not yet happened

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17
Q

primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are unconditioned

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18
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

conditioned reinforcers

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19
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that indicates that a reward is potentially available

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20
Q

punishment

A

a process of decreasing the the likelihood that an organism will perform that behavior

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21
Q

positive punishment

A

hoping to reduce the occurrence of a behavior by adding something unpleasant

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22
Q

negative punishment

A

hoping to reduce the occurrence of behavior by removing something good

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23
Q

fixed-ratio schedules

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

ex. rewarding a rat every third time it presses button

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24
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

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25
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but the average number of performances to receive a rewards is relatively constant

ex. reward a rat after two button presses, then four, then eight, then six

works fastest for learning a new behavior, most resistant to extinction

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26
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforced the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period

ex. rat gets a pellet and doesn’t get another one until another 60 seconds, no matter how many additional presses afterwards

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27
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior the first time its performed after a varying interval of time

ex. rat waits 90 seconds before next reward, then 30 sec, then 3 minutes

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28
Q

shaping

A

process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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29
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is produced

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30
Q

problem solving

A

testing behaviors until yielding a reward

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31
Q

preparedness

A

learning a behavior that coincides with the organism’s natural behaviors

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32
Q

instinctive drift

A

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behavior

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33
Q

observational learning/modeling

A

learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others

not just imitation because one can learn to avoid behaviors too

34
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons located in frontal and parietal lobes

fire when an individual performs an action or when he observes someone perform an action

35
Q

memory

A

gaining knowledge that is accumulated

36
Q

encoding

A

putting new information into memory

can be automatic or effortful

can be visual (weak), acoustic, semantic (strong)

37
Q

self-reference effect

A

recalling info best when putting it into the context of our own lives

38
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repetition of piece of info to keep it within working memory or store it in short term for consolidation into long term

39
Q

short-term memory

A

fast and most fleeting kind of memory storage

fades after about 30 sec without rehearsal

follows 7 +- 2 rule : limited to about 7 items

housed in hippocampus

40
Q

working memory

A

keeps a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and manipulates that info

uses hippocampus, frontal, parietal lobes

41
Q

long-term memory

A

memory that requires elaborative rehearsal; the result of increased neuronal connectivity

over time memories migrate from hippocampus to cerebral cortex

can be implicit or explicit

42
Q

implicit/nondeclarative/procedural memory

A

memory which stores skills and conditioning effects

unconscious

43
Q

explicit/declarative memory

A

memory that stores facts (semantic) and stories (episodic)

44
Q

retrieval

A

process of demonstrating that learning has been retained

recall, recognition, relearning

ideas are interconnected in a semantic network - linked together based on similar meaning

45
Q

recall

A

the retrieval and statement of info

46
Q

recognition

A

identifying info previously learned

easier than recall

47
Q

spacing effect

A

the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention

48
Q

spreading activation

A

seeing one stimulus and thinking about linked concepts

49
Q

priming

A

recall aided by first being presented with a word/phrase close to the desired semantic memory

50
Q

context effect

A

memory aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

51
Q

state-dependent memory effect

A

mental state affects recall, better recall when in the state that encoding took place

52
Q

serial position effect

A

better recall for first and last few items on a list (primacy and recency effect)

53
Q

forgetting

A

the loss of memorized info

54
Q

alzheimer’s

A

degenerative brain disorder

loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus

progressive dementia (loss of cognitive function), memory loss, and brain atrophy

retrograde amnesia

neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques

sundowning - losing function in late afternoon/evening

55
Q

korkasoff’s syndrome

A

thiamine deficiency in the brain

retrograde and anterograde amnesia

confabulation - creating vivid fabricated memories, maybe brain’s attempt to fill gaps in missing memories

56
Q

agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds

57
Q

decay

A

memory loss over time as neurochemical trace of short term memory fades

58
Q

interference

A

retrieval error caused by other similar info

similar memories compete

59
Q

proactive interference

A

old info interferes with new learning

60
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info causes forgetting of old info

61
Q

misinformation effect

A

impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information

62
Q

source-monitoring error

A

confusion between semantic and episodic memory

ex. person remembers a story that they heard as a story that happened to them

63
Q

synaptic pruning

A

as we age, weak neural connections are broken and strong ones are bolstered

64
Q

what are the components of the working memory model?

A

central executive

visuospatial sketchpad

phonological loop

episodic buffer

65
Q

Central Executive working memory

A

responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the other systems in the working model and links them to long term memory

supervises the cognitive function of memory

66
Q

The Phonological Loop memory model

A

the part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material

phonological store (linked to speech perception) acts as an inner ear and holds information in a speech-based form

articulatory control process (linked to speech production) acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store

67
Q

The Visuospatial Sketchpad working memory

A

deals with visual and spatial information.

likely plays an important role in helping us keep track of where we are in relation to other objects as we move through our environment

displays and manipulates visual and spatial information held in long-term memory

68
Q

The Episodic Buffer working memory

A

acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

69
Q

nature intelligence

A

ability to understand the biological aspects of the world

70
Q

linguistic intelligence

A

the ability to write, speak, and read

71
Q

intrapersonal intelligence

A

the ability to have insight

to understand one’s inner self

72
Q

interpersonal intelligence

A

the ability to understand and associate with other people

73
Q

mathematical intelligence

A

the ability to perform in numbers

74
Q

spatial intelligence

A

the ability to see and process the world (space) that surrounds you

75
Q

musical intelligence

A

the ability to compose and/or perform musically

76
Q

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

A

the ability to perform athletically

77
Q

general intelligence

A

an intelligence that underlies all types of intelligence

78
Q

emotional intelligence

A

refers to one’s ability to understand, sympathize/empathize, regulate, and express one’s emotions

79
Q

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

includes experiental, componential, and contextual intelligence

80
Q

experiental intelligence / creative intelligence

A

the ability to familiarize oneself with new circumstances and form new concepts

ex. moving to a new country and learning the new language

81
Q

componential intelligence / analytical intelligence

A

the traditional idea of intelligence

ability to logically reason and think abstractly, comunicate and think mathematically

can be evaulated by intelligence tests

82
Q

contextual intelligence / practical intelligence / street smarts

A

the ability to apply one’s knowledge base to the world around them

Bad Girl's MCAT Club (39 decks)

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