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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

social action

A

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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2
Q

social facilitation

A

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched

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3
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will enhance the ability to perform tasks that one is already good at (simple tasks) and will hinder the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

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4
Q

deindividuation

A

a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior (antinormative behavior)

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5
Q

bystander effect

A

when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

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6
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

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7
Q

peer pressure

A

social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

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8
Q

peers

A

individuals who are equals within a social group

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9
Q

identity shift effect

A
  • individual’s state of harmony disrupted by a threat of social rejection, and individual conforms to group norms
  • individual will begin to experience internal conflict because the behavior is outside the normal character of the individual
  • individual adopts the standards of the group as her own
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10
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

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11
Q

social interaction

A

how two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

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12
Q

group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within that group

individuals in group situations will form opinions that are more extreme than they would if making the decision alone (choice shift - doesn’t always have to be negative)

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13
Q

groupthink

A

desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or decision

consensus decisions are reached without discussions of alternatives

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14
Q

illusion of invulnerability

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the creation of optimisim and encouragement of risk-taking

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15
Q

collective rationalization

A

factor indicative of groupthink

ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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16
Q

illusion of morality

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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17
Q

excessive stereotyping

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

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18
Q

pressure for conformity

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group

viewing the opposition as disloyal

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19
Q

self-censorship

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the withholding of opposing views

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20
Q

illusion of unanimity

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the false sense of agreement within the group

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21
Q

mindguards

A

factor indicative of groupthink

the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

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22
Q

fad

A

behavior transiently (briefly) seen viewed as popular and desirable by a large commmunity

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23
Q

mass hysteria

A

a shared, intense concern about the threats to society

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24
Q

culture

A

the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

  • learned by living in the society and adopting their practices
  • passed on between generations
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25
Q

culture shock

A

cultural differences seen when traveling outside of one’s own society

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26
Q

assimilation

A

process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

blending of new aspects of a society with old ones, changing the culture itself - melting pot

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27
Q

multiculturalism

A

communities or societies containing multiple cultures - cultural mosaic

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28
Q

subcultures

A

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

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29
Q

counterculture

A

subcultures that subvert the majority culture’s definitions of normalcy

30
Q

socialization

A

the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in society

31
Q

cultural transmission / cultural learning

A

the manner in which a society socializes its members

32
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs through the culture

33
Q

primary socialization

A

socialization that occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society

provides foundation for creating personal opinions

34
Q

secondary socialization

A

the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

occurs outside of the home

includes smaller changes and refinements to behavior already established

35
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

36
Q

resocialization

A

process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

(can have positive or negative connotations)

37
Q

norms

A

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

provide a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups (serve as social control)

38
Q

mores

A

widely observed social norms

39
Q

sanctions

A

penalities for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behaviors

40
Q

taboo

A

behaviors that are socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

41
Q

folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is conseidered polite in particulat social interactions

42
Q

stigma

A

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

43
Q

deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

(not just negative)

44
Q

labeling theory

A

theory which posits that labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person but also the person’s self image

can lead to channeling behavior into deviance or conformity

45
Q

differential association theory

A

theory which posits that deviance can be learned through interactions with others

when associations with others engaging in deviant behavior are more numerous/intense than those engaging in normative behavior, the individual begins to gravitate toward deviant behavior herself

46
Q

strain theory

A

theory that attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

47
Q

conformity

A

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

also known as majority influence

48
Q

internalization

A

a type of conformity

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

49
Q

identification

A

a type of conformity

the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

50
Q

compliance

A

a change in behavior based on a direct request

usually not accompanied with any authority – just a simply request

51
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A

technique to gain compliance

a small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

52
Q

door-in-the-face technique

A

technique to gain compliance

large request is made at first and if refused, a smaller request more reasonable request is made

53
Q

lowball technique

A

technique to gain compliance

requestor gets an initial commitment from an individual and then raises the cost of the commitment

54
Q

that’s-not-all technique

A

technique to gain compliance

an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected

55
Q

obedience

A

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

56
Q

social cognition

A

focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

57
Q

attitude

A

the expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario

  • develop from experiences and information form others
58
Q

three components of attitude

A

Affective

Behavioral

Cognitive

59
Q

affective component of attitude

A

the way a person feels toward something

the emotional component of attitude

60
Q

behavioral component of attitude

A

the way a person acts with respect to something

61
Q

cognitive component of attitude

A

the way an individual thinks about something

usually provides justification for other two components

62
Q

functional attitudes theory

A

theory which states that attitudes serve four functions:

knowledge, ego expression, adaption, and ego defense

63
Q

knowledge function of attitudes

A

attitudes help provide organization to thoughts and experiences, and knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior

provides consistency and stability

64
Q

ego-expressive function of attitudes

A

attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity

65
Q

adaptive function of attitudes

A

if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed, one will be accepted

66
Q

ego-defensive function of attitudes

A

attitudes protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

67
Q

learning theory of attitudes

A

theory that posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

ex. direct contact, direct instruction, other’s attitudes, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning

68
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

model which separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information

at one extreme is central route processing, while at the other extreme is peripheral route processing

69
Q

central route processing

A

thinking deeply about information, scrutinizing its meaning and purpose, and drawing conclusions or making decisions

70
Q

peripheral route processing

A

focusing only on superficial details such as the appearance of the person delivering the argument, catchphrases, and credibility

71
Q

social cognitive theory

A

theory which postulates that people learn how to behave and share attitudes by observing the behaviors of others

behavior develops through direct observation and replication, personal factors, and the environment

behavior – personal factors – environment influence each other

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