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EPPP - Brennan > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Similar to Wernike’s aphasia (fluent aphasia with comprehension difficulty), but person can repeat sentences. Lesion is between the parietal and temporal lobes.

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2
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

AKA motor or expressive aphasia. Damage is to the left frontal lobe. Speech is effortful and repetition is impaired.

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3
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Similar to Broca’s aphasia, but person can repeat others’ speech. Damage is typically in the left frontal areas surrounding Broka’s area.

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4
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Person can speak normally and comprehend speech. Sole deficit in repetition of others’ speech. Results from disconnection of expressive and receptive speech areas.

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5
Q

Anomic aphasia

A

Deficit in naming objects

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6
Q

Pseudodementia

A

Dementia like presentation brought on by psychiatric illness (mostly depression)

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7
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

At least a single cognitive domain is impaired to a greater extent than normal aging. No significant changes in everyday functional abilities.

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8
Q

Postconcussion syndrome

A

Symptoms longer than a few days, but typically resolve within 3 months. Include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, nausea, anxiety, depressed affect, irritability, attention/concentration difficulty, diminished STM, etc.

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9
Q

Delirium

A

Acute confusional state, not associated with dementia. Onset is abrupt, often with difficulty sustaining attention. May have difficulties with memory, language, perception, etc.

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10
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Highest cause of dementia, accounts for 65% of cases

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11
Q

Pick’s disease

A

Frontotemporal dementia

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12
Q

Akathisia

A

Motor restlessness characterized by muscular quivering and the inability to sit still, often a result of chronic ingestion of neuroleptic drugs.

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13
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform motor acts despite intact comprehension and motor function.

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14
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects

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15
Q

Athetosis

A

A constant succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of fingers and hands, and sometimes of toes and feet

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16
Q

Anomia

A

Aphasia that is characterized by the impaired ability to recall the names of persons and things (also called nominal aphasia)

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17
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement

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18
Q

Alogia

A

The inability to speak because of mental deficiency, mental confusion, or aphasia (i.e., poverty of thought and speech)

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19
Q

Agraphia

A

A form of aphasia characterized by loss of the ability to write

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20
Q

Alexia

A

Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning of written or printed words and sentences

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21
Q

Alzheimer’s Stage 1 (1-3yrs)

A
  • anterograde amnesia, esp for declarative mem
  • visuospatial deficits (wandering)
  • indifference, irritability, sadness
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22
Q

Alzheimer’s Stage 2 (2 to 10yrs)

A
  • Retrograde amnesia
  • flat or labile mood
  • restlessness/agitation
  • delusions
  • ideomotor apraxia (difficulty translating an idea into movement)
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23
Q

Alzheimer’s Stage 3 (8-12 years)

A
  • Severely impaired IQ fx
  • apathy
  • limb rigidity
  • incontinence
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24
Q

Alzheimer’s: duration from onset to death is?

A

8-10 years

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25
Q

Alzheimer’s more common in…

A
  • Women
  • Lower education level
  • late onset (after 65) is more common
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26
Q

Etiology of Alzheimer’s

A
  • early onset assoc with abnormalities on chrom 21
  • late onset assoc with abnormalities on chrom 19
  • aluminum deposits in brain
  • beta amyloid plaques
  • poor immune system
  • low ACH
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27
Q

Vascular dementia

A
  • cog impairment AND neurological signs
  • stepwise fluct course
  • if due to stroke, most improvements in 1st six months and physical sx improve quicker than cog
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28
Q

dementia due to Parkinsons

A
  • bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • rigidity
  • resting tremor
  • mask-like facial expression -pill rolling
  • loss of coordination & balance
  • akathesia (restlessness)
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29
Q

Parkinson’s

A
  • 50% develop depression
  • 20-60% dev dementia
  • assoc with loss of dopamine producing cells
  • Lewy bodies in Substantia Nigra
  • L-Dopa helps by increasing dopamine
30
Q

Huntington’s

A
  • sx appear b/n 30 and 40
  • cog, affective, motor sx
  • affective sx first
  • early motor signs: fidgeting and clumsiness - later, athetosis (slow, writhing movements) and chorea (invol jerky movements)
31
Q

Paresis (1)

A

Partial paralysis

32
Q

Paresis (2)

A

A syndrome of Inflammation of cerebral tissue causing mental and physical deterioration and caused by syphilis.

33
Q

Paraprosopia

A

Visual hallucination of terrifying faces

34
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces. Due to damage in bilateral occipitotemporal area

35
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Damage to parietal lobe. Agraphia/ dysgraphia, acalculia/ dyscalculia, finger agnosia, left right disorientation, aphasia

36
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Extensive bilateral damage to temporal lobes, amygdala, characterized by psychic blindness, prosopagnosia (check this), hypermetamorphosis (increased exploring of environment), hypersexuality, orality, decreased fear, affective blunting,

37
Q

Anosognosia

A

Inability or unwillingness to recognize one’s functional impairments. Associated w damage to R parietal lobe.

38
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Area in the thalamus related to relaying visual information. Interruption of that pathway will result in visual impairment at the level of primary processing.

39
Q

Side effects of tricyclic antidepressants

A

Cardiac/autonomic, severe anticholinergic, and neurobehavioral side effects

40
Q

Heteromodal cortex

A

Multiple sensory modalities are integrated in cortical regions that are sometimes considered “silent” since lesions here can exist despite intact primary and secondary processing.

41
Q

Area of the brain implicated in Huntington’s Disease

A

Basal ganglia, specifically caudate nucleus

42
Q

Side effects of Benzodiazepines

A

drowsiness, confusion or feelings of detachment, dizziness, imbalance, and high potential for dependence.

43
Q

Buspirone (BuSpar)

A

Nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. Doesn’t cause tolerance, causes less fatigue, lacks muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, and hypnotic properties.

44
Q

Gabapentin (Neurontin)

A

Anticonvulsant, frequently prescribed for neuropathic pain and off-label for anxiety. Low abuse/dependent risk.

45
Q

Pregabalin (Lyrica)

A

Anticonvulsant sometimes prescribed for anxiety

46
Q

Hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax)

A

Antihistamine that reduces anxiety. Very sedating, and low potential for abuse and dependence.

47
Q

Barbiturates

A

Formerly used for sedation and sleep. Replaced by benzodiazepines. Extreme side effects, including tolerance, physical dependency, and very severe withdrawal symptoms. Enhance function of GABA in CNS.

48
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

States back to 1960s. Says that depression is caused by abnormal functioning of monoamines (NE, serotonin, and DA)

49
Q

TCA

A 
Includes amitriptyline (Elavil), nortriptyline (Pamelor and Aventyl), imipramine (Tofranil), and desipramine (Norpramin). Blocks reuptake of serotonin and NE. However, mechanism of action is unknown. 
Side effects: cardiac/autonomic, anticholinergic, and neurobehavioral.
50
Q

MAOIs

A

Rarely used because of serious interactions. Block reuptake reuptake of monoamines by blocking monoamine transporters. Includes phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate). Side effects include hypertensive crisis which can heppen when takin gwith tyramine.

51
Q

SSRIs

A

Include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), sertraline, citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). Side effects include GI symptoms, headache, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, psychomotor agitation, and occasional extra pyramidal reactions.

52
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

Dangerous side effect of SSRI when two serotonergic drugs taken together or excessively high amounts of one. Includes change in mental status, shivering, confusion, restlessness, flushing, sweating, diarrhea, lethargy, myoclonus (muscle twitching), and tremors. Can be lethal

53
Q

NDRI

A

Atypical antidepressant that works by blocking reuptake of NE and DA. Includes bupropion (Wellbutrin or Zyban)

54
Q

SNRI

A

atypical antidepressant, includes venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)

55
Q

Mirtazapine/Remeron

A

Atypical antidepressant that’s a serotonin-NE antagonist, that increases NE and serotonin by blocking the autoreceptors.

56
Q

Trintellix/Vortioxetine

A

Atypical antidepressant. Also improves cognitive symptoms.

57
Q

Trazodone

A

Atypical antidepressant often used to treat insomnia

58
Q

over-the-counter anti-depressants

A

St. John’s wort, S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), 5-HTP, omega-3, and folic acid.

59
Q

Typical antipsychotics

A

haloperidol (Haldol), thioridazine (Mellaril), molinidine (Moban), thiothixene (Navane), fluphenazine (Prolixin), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Loxipine (Loxitane), and Pimozide (Orap)

Cause extrapyramidal symptoms, including parkinsonism, acute dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia.. Side effects can also include neuroleptic malignant syndormoe, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, sexual dysfunction, and anticholinergic effects

60
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Blocks DA and serotonin receptors. produce less EPSs than the typical antipsychotics; however, they may cause dangerous metabolic effects such as weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

Olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), aripiprazole (Abilify), paliperidone (Invega), iloperidone (Fanapt), asenapine (Saphris), clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), and cariprazine (Vraylar)

61
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabilizer used for mania. Slow onset of action and narrow therapeutic index.

Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, thirst, excessive urination, weight gain, hand tremor, and reversible increase in white blood cell count. Chronic use side effects include hypothyroidism, goiter, and rarely kidney damage. Toxicity may result in lethargy, ataxia, slurred speech, shock, delirium, coma, or even death

62
Q

Anticonvulsants used as mood stabilizers

A

divalproex (Depakote), lamitrogine (Lamictal), Tegretol, Topamax). Works by enhanvcing GABA.
Side effect of Lamictal is Stevens–Johnson syndrome, a potentially fatal skin rash.

63
Q

Opiates

A

withdrawal symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, chills, fever, tearing and runny nose, tremor, abdominal cramps, and pain.

Opioid replacement therapy (methadone), first line of treatment)

64
Q

Psychostimulants

A

Increase prefrontal cortex levels of NE and DA. amphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin, and Metadate), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), dexmethylphenidate (Focalin and Dexadrine), armodafanil (Nuvigil), and modafinil (Provigil), which are prescribed more for sleep disorders such as narcolepsy.
hould not be used with MAOIs as they may cause a hypertensive crisis

65
Q

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

A

Nonstimulant medication for ADHD, generally less effective than stimulants.

66
Q

Clonic phase (grand mal seizure)

A

violent, rhythmic contractions of extremities.

67
Q

Absence seizures

A

(Petite mal). Originates in thalamus.

68
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Anterior occipital lobe

69
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Amnestic Disorder, and it is marked by memory loss that may be accompanied by confabulation and unsteady gait and other physical signs

70
Q

Sleep Waves

A

Stage 1 of the sleep cycle is characterized by alpha waves which then give way to the slower theta waves. Stage 2 consists primarily of theta waves and intermittent sleep spindles and K-complexes. The 5th stage is REM sleep, which is also known as paradoxical sleep since the EEG pattern is characteristic of alertness (beta waves) but the sleeper’s responsiveness to the environment is low.

71
Q

Damage to the right frontal lobe

A

Disinhibition/ impulsiveness, happy indifference, and jocularity

72
Q

Damage to left frontal lobe

A

most often results in reduced speech, depression, and apathy.

EPPP - Brennan (9 decks)

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