Social and Cultural Bases of Behavior

Question 1

Types of Schema

Answer 1

Person, Self, Role, Event

Question 2

Correspondent Inference Theory

Answer 2

Jones and Davis (1965): People identify explanations of people’s personal characteristics from their behavior

Question 3

Covariation Model of Attribution

Answer 3

Kelley (1972) We assess similarities (covariation) across situations to help make causal attributions

Question 4

Weiner (1985) theory on achievement attributions

Answer 4

3 dimensions of attributions: stable and unstable; internal and external; controllable and uncontrollable

Question 5

Impression formation

Answer 5

Primacy effect of first impression. Three tactics: self-promotion, self-monitoring, self-handicapping (verbal or behavioral)

Question 6

Factors that influence attraction

Answer 6

Physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, reciprocity, self-disclosure, reinforcement

Question 7

Gain-loss theory

Answer 7

Attraction is maximized when an individual’s evaluation of a person is at first negative and then changes to positive

Question 8

Social exchange theory

Answer 8

Attraction occurs when relationship’s rewards exceed its costs and when the rewards and costs are reciprocal.

Question 9

Equity theory

Answer 9

Perceptions of equity in a relationship are more important that the magnitude of costs and rewards

Question 10

Motivations of altruism

Answer 10

Benefit to self (egoism), benefit to other (altruism). benefit to group (collectivism), moral principal (principlism).

Question 11

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 11

Altruism is evoked by desire to help someone who is suffering.

Question 12

Causes of bystander apathy

Answer 12

Diffusion of responsibility

Latane and Darley (1970): social comparison and evaluation apprehension

Question 13

Allport (1954) causes of intergroup prejudice

Answer 13

Prejudice arises from combination of historical, cultural, economic, cognitive, and personality factors

Question 14

Kellman: 3 effects of social influence on behavior/forms of compliance

Answer 14

compliance, identification, internalization

Question 15

Reactance

Answer 15

Person feels his or her choices or altneratives are being taken away or limited and the reaction is opposite of what is desired

Question 16

Bases of social power

Answer 16

French & Raven (1959): coercive, reward, expert, referent, and legitimate

Question 17

Minority influence

Answer 17

Minority changes opinion of majority. Reflects shift in personal opinion. Most likely to occur when point of view is consistent, flexible, clear, and aligned with current social trends

Question 18

Social impact theory

Answer 18

Latane (1981). Information most likely to influence personal views based on: strength of the source, immediacy of the event, number of sources with same info

Question 19

Dynamic social impact theory

Answer 19

Latane and Herrou (1996). Components of group dynamics that influence opinions: consolidation (diversity reduced by minority opinion accepting majority opinion), clustering (subgroups of differing opinions); correlation (previously unconnected ideas become connected); continuing diversity (when subgroups exist, consolidation will not wipe out minority opinion)

Question 20

Principles of persuasion

Answer 20

Cialdini (2001). Reciprocity; commitment and consistency; social proof (people do things when they see others doing them); authority; liking (people are persuaded by people they like); scarcity

Question 21

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 21

(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). 2 communication routes to changing attitudes: peripheral and central.

Question 22

Persuasion - primacy effect

Answer 22

When two sides of an argument are being presented one after another, the side presented first is more likely to change attitudes

Question 23

Persuasion - recency effect

Answer 23

If there is time between two presenting viewpoints, the second message has a greater impact on attitude change

Question 24

Crowding`

Answer 24

High population density situations. Associated with negative performance on complex tasks, but not simple tasks. In residential areas, associated with increased mental and physical health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, and higher mortality rates.

Question 25

Darwin’s sexual selection theory

Answer 25

Same-sex competition and preferential mate choices as driving force for mating adaptations

Question 26

Trivers’ parental investment theory

Answer 26

Animals are selective of mates when investment in offspring is greatest (with females typically having greatest investment)

Question 27

Polygynous

Answer 27

One male mate with numerous females

Question 28

Polyandry

Answer 28

Females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with an individual male, abandon the male and offspring entirely. Found in less thatn 1% of preindustrial cultures.

Question 29

Short-term mating strategies

Answer 29

Both females and males mate with multiples of the opposite sex. Tend to be brief relationships.

Question 30

Freud’s theory of personality

Answer 30

Id develops at birth; Ego around 6 months in response to id’s inability to gratify all needs; Superego around age 4-5 is internalization of society’s values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment.

Question 31

Stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Sue & Sue, 1999)

Answer 31

1. Conformity
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance and immersion (rejection of dominant society; appreciates attitudes towards self and members of one’s own group
4. Introspection
5. Integrative awareness

Question 32

Stages of Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

Answer 32

1. Pre-encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-emersion
4. Internalization stage (3 possible identities pro-Black, nonracist; biculturist integrating Black and white or other salient cultural identity; or multiculturalist).

Question 33

Berry et al.: 4 categories of acculturation

Answer 33

Integration: maintains own minority culture and incorporates aspect of new culture
Assimilation: Accepts majority culture
Separation: Withdraws from dominant culture and acceptst culture of origin
Marginalization: doesn’t identify with either culture

Question 34

ADDRESSING

Answer 34

Age; Developmental or acquired Disabilities; Religion; Ethnicity; SES; Sexual orientation; Indigenous heritage; National origin; Gender