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ACBIS Exam > Chapter 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How much does an adult brain weigh?

A

3 lbs

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2
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

ensures that at vascular level, harmful substances cannot pass through membrane to harm brain

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3
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes or layers that act as a protective, vascular web

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4
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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5
Q

dura mater

A

“hard matter” like a heavy plastic covering

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6
Q

arachnoid mater

A

spider web-like layer that bridges the brain’s wrinkles and folds

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7
Q

pia mater

A

molds around every tiny crook and crevice on the brain’s surface

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8
Q

brainstem made up of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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9
Q

brainstem purpose

A

relays info into and out of the brain

central point for all incoming and outgoing info and basic life functions

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10
Q

medulla function

A

vital life functions

  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • swallowing
  • vomiting
  • sneezing
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11
Q

pons function

A
  • facial movements & sensations
  • hearing
  • coordinating eye movements
  • serves as bridge of nerve fibers connecting the cerebral cortex and cerebellum- can impact coordination and control of body movements
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12
Q

midbrain function

A
  • seeing and hearing

- alertness and arousal

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13
Q

diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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14
Q

diencephalon location

A

above midbrain

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15
Q

thalamus function

A

relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory info (except smell)

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16
Q

injury to thalamus can cause

A
  • severe attention and concentraion issues
  • memory and storage retrieval issues
  • weakened mental stamina
  • decreased sensory info
  • decreased reactions to stress/emotional responses
  • disorders in eating/drinking/sleeping/sexual functioning
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17
Q

hypothalamus function

A

control center for

  • hunger
  • thirst
  • sexual response
  • endocrine levels
  • temperature regulation
  • fight or flight reactions
  • anger
  • fatigue
  • memory
  • calmness
  • emotional regulation
  • connected to pituitary gland (release of hormones)
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18
Q

Limbic system made up of

A

hippocampus
basal ganglia
amygdala

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19
Q

Limbic system location

A

middle section of brain, sits on top of brainstem

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20
Q

Limbic system function

A

“mammalian brain”

contains elemental drives, emotions, and survival instincts

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21
Q

Damage to limbic system can cause

A
  • uncontrollable /dysregulated emotions
  • under/over reacting
  • impulsivity
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22
Q

amygdala and hippocampus directly tied to what other system?

A

olfactory

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23
Q

3 parts of limbic system

A

hippocampus
amygdala
basal ganglia

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24
Q

hippocampus function

A

memory

facilitates encoding and storage of info in systematic manner that is typically associative

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25
Q

damage to hippocampus can cause

A

info not being processed in an organized manner

-difficulties with accurate storage and retrieval of info

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26
Q

amygdala function

A
  • closely tied to emotional memories & reactions
  • aggressive responses
  • fight or flight response
  • fears
  • smell/taste memories
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27
Q

basal ganglia function

A
  • handle physical movement
  • relays info from cerebral cortex to brainstem and cerebellum
  • on alert for when something is not working the way it should be
  • responds to LOB
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28
Q

damage to basal ganglia can cause

A
  • Parkinson’s symptoms
  • slowness and loss of movement (akinesia)
  • muscular rigidity
  • tremor
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29
Q

cerebellum function

A

coordinates, modulates, and stores all body movement

  • monitors impulses from motor and sensory centers (brainstem, basal ganglia, sensorimotor cortex) to help control direction, rate, force, and steadiness of a person’s movements
  • proprioception
  • eye hand coordination
  • posture
  • muscle tone
30
Q

damage to cerebellum can cause impairments in

A
  • coordination
  • fine motor movements
  • trajectory of movement
  • balance
  • proprioception
31
Q

How much of the brain’s mass does the cerebellum account for

A

1/8th

32
Q

Frontal lobe primary parts

A

primary motor cortex

prefrontal cortex

33
Q

prefrontal cortex function

A 
executive function
emotional response to circumstances
-goal-oriented behavior & motivation
-short term/working memory
-ability to learn from consequences
34
Q

damage to prefrontal cortex can cause impairments in

A

executive function
ability to synthesize signals from the environment, assign priorities, make decisions, organize and prioritize, initiate, or inhibit actions
awareness of deficits
multitasking

35
Q

antecedent-based behavior model

A

helping the person see the circumstances that usually precede behavior, rather than warning of consequences of a behavior

36
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

primary sensory cortex

  • respond to sensory information
  • body awareness
37
Q

damage to R parietal lobe can cause

A

may not recognize that anything is wrong with movement of L side of body

38
Q

Occipital Lobe function

A

primary visual cortex- assembles a whole image from visual information
-allows person to recognize shape, position, size, etc of objects

39
Q

Damage to occipital lobe can cause

A

visual-perceptual-motric distortions

40
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

language and hearing

also involved in memory

41
Q

Where is Broca’s area located

A

lower portion of motor cortex in L frontal-temporal lobe

42
Q

Broca’s area function

A

production of speech

43
Q

Wernicke’s area location

A

L temporal-parietal lobe

44
Q

Wernicke’s area function

A

comprehension of language

45
Q

Hearing pathway

A

outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
vibrate hair cells in organ of Corti inide cochlea
hair cells send signals through 8th CN to brainstem

46
Q

how does damage to temporal lobe affect memory?

A

impairs system for understanding, storing, and retrieving new info

47
Q

how many vertebrae in spinal cord

A

33

48
Q

3 critical ligaments for spinal stability

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum

49
Q

glial cells

A

non-communicating cells that support and nourish the neurons

50
Q

reticular activating system location

A

brainstem

51
Q

reticular activating system comprised of

A

nerve fibers and nuclei

52
Q

reticular activating system function

A 
modulates:
arousal
alertness
concentration
basic biological rhythms
53
Q

CT imaging

A

X-ray beam to create a computerized image of brain in slices at a time

  • captures images in a horizontal/axial plane
  • will determine if there is hemorrhaging or blood clot forming
54
Q

What type of imaging is the standard of care for BI?

A

CT

55
Q

MRI imaging

A

provides greater anatomical detail and clarity compared to CT and more sensitive to displaying a variety of pathologies

56
Q

DTI imaging

A

(diffusion tensor imaging)

  • comes from MRI scan
  • identifies major tracts/axon bundles in the brain
57
Q

neuroprotective compound or strategy

A

limits neuronal death following injury and/or enhances recovery

58
Q

are there any approved neuroprotective therapies for treatment of human BI?

A

no

only for stroke

59
Q

tissue plasminogen activator

A

(tPA)
-a protein involved in breakdown of blood clots and approved for therapeutic use in stroke up to 3-4.5 hours after incident

60
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+) benefits for BI

A
  • increased antioxidants
  • used for neuroprotection after TBI due to its roles in cellular respiration, protein synthesis, membrane stability, regulation of vascular tone, and pathophysiological processes following TBI
61
Q

What happens to brain if Magnesium diffiency?

A

reduced antioxidant capacity of brain resulting in excessive production of free-radicals and mild inflammation

62
Q

Progesterone function

A

decreases cerebral edema

63
Q

what level of progesterone dose showed greatest level of improvement on reference memory task?

A

low

64
Q

Nicotinimide function

A

(vitamin B3)

  • reduce injury volume
  • decrease glial activiation
  • reduce BBB breaches
  • reduce edema
65
Q

window for Vitamin B3 treatment post TBI

A

6-24 hours depending on task and treatment regimen

66
Q

Plasticity definition

A

change in the expression of genes or proteins related to neuroplasticity

67
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

strengthening of neural connections

68
Q

long term depression (LDP)

A

weakening of neural connections

69
Q

exitotoxicity

A

occurs when a neuron cannot maintain its resting potential, resulting in its repeated firing. This creates toxic levels of sodium and calcium ions, leading to cell death

70
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

non-invasive method of stimulating the brain using electromagnetic induction. It is used for treatment of stroke, depression, migranes, dystonia, tinnitus, and Parkinson’s disease

71
Q

Best treatment strategy for BI

A

combination of neuroprotection and neuroplasticity

ACBIS Exam (9 decks)

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