A&P 3.15 Nutrition

Question 0

Rectus CAPITIS posterior major

A,I,o

Answer 0

Origin: spinous process axis (c2)

Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, rotate head to same side

Question 1

Suboccipital muscles

4

Answer 1

Rectus CAPITIS posterior major
Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor
Obliquus CAPITIS superior
Obliquus CAPITIS inferior

Deepest muscles in the neck

Question 2

Rectus CAPITIS posterior minor

Answer 2

Origin: tubercle of posterior arch of atlas (c1)

Insertion: inferior nuchal line of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension
Superior to major

Question 3

Obliquuis CAPITIS superior

A,I, o

Answer 3

Origin: transverse process of atlas (c1)

Insertion: between nuchal lines of occiput

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rock and tilt head into extension, laterally flexes to same side

Question 4

Obloquus CAPITIS inferior

A, I, o

Answer 4

Origin: spinous process of axis (c2)

Insertion: transverse process of the atlas (c1)

Action: all contribute to neck extension (postural), rotate head to same side

Question 5

Look at atlas and axis parts

Answer 5

.

Question 6

Nutrition

Defined

Answer 6

The foods we eat and the nutrients they contain

Question 7

Nutrients

Define

6 primary

Answer 7

Chemical substances in foods that body cells use for growth, maintenance and repair

Water, carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals

Question 8

Water

Answer 8

Nutrient needed in the largest amount
2-8 liters per day
Medium in which metabolic actions occur

Question 9

Carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals provide

Answer 9

Energy needed for metabolic reactions and serve as building blocks to make structure

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Organic compounds-sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose

Sugar and starches are the primary sources for chemical energy
Simple or complex

Question 11

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 11

Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

Poly - many or complex
Need to be broken down to be absorbed
Starches in vegetables, grains and other plant tissue
Broken down into simple carbs before absorption

Question 13

Disaccharides

Answer 13

Di- double/complex
Need to be broken down before absorption
Refined sugars, sucrose, lactose,maltose

Question 14

Monosaccharides

Answer 14

Mono-simple
Absorbed directly
Fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

Organic compounds- fats, oils, related substances

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

Question 16

Triglycerides

Answer 16

Most common in diet
Stores energy (body fat)

Question 17

Phospholipids

Answer 17

Form cell membranes (plasma membranes)

Question 18

Cholesterol

Answer 18

A steroid

Also needed for cell membranes

Question 19

Dietary fats characterized as

Answer 19

Saturated or unsaturated

Question 20

Saturated

Answer 20

All available chemical bonds are filled or saturated with hydrogen atoms
Usually solid at room temperature

Question 21

Unsaturated

Answer 21

Not all bonding sites are filled

Usually liquid at room temperature

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

Large molecules made up of chains of amino acids
Used for structure (collagen) and in the following processes: transport, movement, defense and regulation
Sources: meat and animal protein, non-meat sources (lack required amino acids): nuts, whole grains, legumes

Question 23

Amino acids

Answer 23

Building blocks of proteins
Approximately 20 amino acids

Essential and non-essential

Question 24

Essential amino acids

Answer 24

Not produced by the body | Needed to be acquired from the diet

Question 25

Non-essential

Answer 25

Produced/synthesized by the body

Question 26

Vitamins

Answer 26

Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism

Question 27

Role of vitamins in the body

Answer 27

Do not provide energy or serves as building materials Most vitamins with known functions are coenzymes Most cannot be produced by the body Must be ingested in food EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE VITAMINS D & K

Question 28

2 main groups of vitamins

Answer 28

Fat soluble | Water soluble

Question 29

Fat soluble

Answer 29

A, D, E & K | CAN BE STORED

Question 30

Water soluble

Answer 30

B & C | CANNOT BE STORED

Question 31

Minerals

Answer 31

Inorganic elements that occur naturally in the earth Some functions as catalysts Some work in buffer systems

Question 32

Metabolism

Answer 32

Greek for change or overthrow Complex, intertwining set of chemical processes Includes anabolism and catabolism

Question 33

Food molecules absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract have three main fates:

Answer 33

Supply energy - carbohydrates Serve as building blocks - protein (amino acids) Stored for future use - lipids

Question 34

Anabolism and catabolism

Answer 34

Metabolic pathways | Inside cells that happen continuously and concurrently

Question 35

Anabolism

Answer 35

Ana-upwards Builds/synthesis Uses energy Larger molecules from smaller

Question 36

Catabolism

Answer 36

Cata-downward Breaks down/releases energy Breaks food down into simpler compounds

Question 37

Preferred carbohydrate for use by cells

Answer 37

Glucose Used for ATP production, amino acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis

Question 38

ATP production

Answer 38

Glucose used to produce ATP for immediate energy

Question 39

Amino acid synthesis

Answer 39

Used to for several amino acids

Question 40

Glycogen synthesis

Answer 40

Hepatocytes (liver cells) and muscle fibers can perform GLYCOGENESIS

Question 41

GLYCOGENESIS

Answer 41

Glyco- sugar, genesis-to generate | Glucose turned into glycogen

Question 42

Triglyceride synthesis

Answer 42

When glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver cells can transform glucose to glycerol & fatty acids that can be used for lipogenesis Triglycerides are the stored I adipose tissue which has virtually UNLIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY

Question 43

Glycogenolysis

Answer 43

Opposite of GLYCOGENESIS | Process of breaking down glycogen molecules

Question 44

Hyperglycemia

Answer 44

High blood sugar levels | Most often from untreated DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 45

Hypoglycemia

Answer 45

Low blood sugar | Seen in starvation or too much insulin

Question 46

Impact of energy balance and body weight

Answer 46

More energy in / less out = stored calories | More energy out / less in = energy burned

Question 47

Eating disorders

Answer 47

Anorexia nervosa | Bulimia

Question 48

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 48

Self-induced starvation and unusual eating rituals

Question 49

Bulimia

Answer 49

Binge - purge syndrome

Question 50

Obesity

Answer 50

Not necessarily an eating disorder, but may be a symptom of chronic over-eating Eating disorders usually have an underlying motion all cause May also be a symptom of a metabolic disorder

Question 51

Vitamin disorders

Answer 51

Deficiencies - avitaminosis Excess vitamins - hypervitaminosis

Question 52

Avitaminosis

Answer 52

Vitamin deficiency Can lead to significant metabolic problems Lack of vitamin C - scurvy

Question 53

Hypervitaminosis

Answer 53

Can be as serious as a deficiency Toxicity Usually seen in fat soluble vitamins

Question 54

PKU

Answer 54

Phenylketonuria Rare condition where you can't break down an amino acid Causes retardation